??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? [Revolutionary works and Jewish identities in Weimar Germany]

This paper investigates the revolutionary workings of three radicals figures who shaped political life in interwar Germany: Erich Mühsam (1878-1934), the anarchist writer and one of the leading protagonists of the Bavarian Revolution of 1918-19, Hans Litten (1903-1938), the left-leaning lawyer who pursued unconventional political methods of prosecution, and Werner Hirsch (1899-1941), the high-ranking Communist functionary who crossed party doctrines by appealing for a united antifascist struggle. Examining and correlating their biographies, it will be shown how all three revolutionaries wrestled with both their own family roots and modern German-Jewish existence in general. They were uncompromising in their political attitudes and sometimes provocatively assumed the role of the outsider to fight for their anti-authoritarian agendas. By analysing the complexities, diversities and ambiguities in their lives and works, this paper questions ideal types like that of ‘the Jewish revolutionary’ and probes the boundaries of interpretative models that tend to generalize left-wing Jewish identity in Weimar Germany