Clinical outcomes after first-line HIV treatment failure in South Africa: the next cascade of care

Introduction There is limited literature on the appropriateness of viral load (VL) monitoring and management of detectable VL in public health settings in rural South Africa. Methods We analysed data captured in the electronic patient register from HIV-positive patients = 15 years old initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 17 public sector clinics in rural KwaZulu-Natal, during 2010–2016. We estimated the completion rate for VL monitoring at 6, 12, and 24 months. We described the cascade of care for those with any VL measurement = 1000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL after = 20 weeks on ART, including the following proportions: (1) repeat VL within 6 months; (2) re-suppressed; (3) switched to second-line regimen. Results There were 29 384 individuals who initiated ART during the period [69% female, median age 31 years (interquartile range 25–39)]. Of those in care at 6, 12, and 24 months, 40.7% (9861/24 199), 34% (7765/22 807), and 25.5% (4334/16 965) had a VL test at each recommended time-point, respectively. The VL results were documented at all recommended time-points for 12% (2730/22 807) and 6.2% (1054/16 965) of ART-treated patients for 12 and 24 months, respectively. Only 391 (18.3%) of 2135 individuals with VL = 1000 copies/mL on first-line ART had a repeat VL documenting re-suppression or were appropriately changed to second-line with persistent failure. Completion of the treatment failure cascade occurred a median of 338 days after failure was detected. Conclusion We found suboptimal VL monitoring and poor responses to virologic failure in public-sector ART clinics in rural South Arica. Implications include increased likelihood of morbidity and transmission of drug-resistant HIV.