File(s) under permanent embargo
Mapping hacktivism: Mass Virtual Direct Action (MVDA), Individual Virtual Direct Action (IVDA) And cyber-wars
journal contribution
posted on 2023-06-08, 18:53 authored by Tim JordanHackers have been present in computer networks from the moment networks began to exist. Beginning as a term to describe those who wanted to find novel uses for computers and other technologies, by the early 1990s ‘hacker’ had come to refer in popular use to those who break into computers over networks. Until the mid-1990s, despite a 20-year history of hacking, there was little evidence of sustained political engagement by hackers. Rather, hackers were overwhelmingly focused on the manipulation and analysis of computers and networks. However, with the 1994 publication of the Critical Arts Ensemble’s manifesto The Electronic Disturbance and the emergence of pro-Zapatista mass denial-of-service attacks in 1998, a politically motivated hacking movement has emerged. It has been christened ‘hacktivism’. In 2001, this movement has become the focus of mass-media attention and moral panic, often desperately ill-informed. This article will briefly introduce and outline hacktivism’s main components, in keeping with the spatial understanding of the Internet as cyberspace, what follows is a mapping of hacktivism.
History
Publication status
- Published
File Version
- Published version
Journal
Computer Fraud and SecurityISSN
1361-3723Publisher
ElsevierExternal DOI
Issue
4Volume
2001Page range
8-11Department affiliated with
- Media and Film Publications
Full text available
- No
Peer reviewed?
- Yes
Legacy Posted Date
2014-11-07First Compliant Deposit (FCD) Date
2014-11-07Usage metrics
Categories
No categories selectedKeywords
Licence
Exports
RefWorks
BibTeX
Ref. manager
Endnote
DataCite
NLM
DC