RT Dissertation/Thesis SR 00 A1 Allpress, Jesse A T1 The role of shame in motivating support for, and opposition to, intergroup reconciliation: two forms of shame as separate predictors of positive and negative responses to ingroup wrongdoing SP 174 AB This thesis deals with how group members respond to wrongdoing committed in their group's name. In particular, I investigate whether individuals feel ashamed or guilty for these acts, and in turn, what motivational effects these emotions have. A review of the literature on shame and guilt turns up serious inconsistencies regarding both the charac- terisation of these emotions and the empirical evidence relating to them. In particular, shame is found to be related to both prosocial and antisocial outcomes, and guilt is some- times associated with prosocial acts and sometimes not. My empirical work tests an explanation for these inconsistencies. Notably, I test a novel way of seeing shame, and propose that not only are there different forms of shame but that these different forms have divergent motivational effects. I focus on two important forms of shame: moral shame and image shame, which arise when one sees the ingroup's actions as threatening one's morality or reputation, respectively. I show that moral shame is consistently related to increased prosocial attitudes (support for apology and compensation) and decreased an- ger, avoidance and cover-up; whereas image shame is predictive of higher levels of anger, avoidance and cover-up. The effects of guilt are weak or non-existent in the presence of these two forms of shame. I also show that these emotions have a meaningful influence on how group members relate to unrelated minorities in society, borne in part of a feeling of moral obligation for past wrongdoing. A study is also reported that shows that, depend- ing on their individual motivations, different group members prefer different emotional expressions within apologies offered by their leaders. LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39374/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1007/s00213-012-2735-8 A1 Amato, Davide A1 Müller, Christian P A1 Badiani, Aldo T1 Increased drinking after intra-striatal injection of the dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist quinpirole in the rat JF Psychopharmacology YR 2012 FD 2012-10 VO 223 IS 4 SP 457 OP 463 AB RATIONALE Dopamine D2 receptor hyperactivity has been implicated in the development of psychogenic polydipsia in schizophrenic patients. Repeated treatment with dopamine agonists, including the D2/D3 agonist quinpirole, has been shown to induce hyperdipsia in a number of animal models. Despite these observations, obtained with systemic administrations, little attempt has been made to investigate where in the brain dopamine agonists act to induce hyperdipsia. OBJECTIVE The present study investigates the effects of repeated intra-caudate infusions of quinpirole on the intake of water by rats tested under free-drinking conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats with bilateral cannulae placed into the anterior, central or posterior caudate received quinpirole microinfusions (1 μg/side) for five consecutive days in their home cage. Water intake was measured 15 and 60 min after the treatment. RESULTS When injected in the central caudate, quinpirole increased water intake, and this effect progressively increased over sessions, indicating the development of sensitization. When injected in the posterior caudate, the dipsogenic effect of quinpirole was less intense and did not undergo sensitization. The infusion of quinpirole in the anterior caudate did not affect drinking. CONCLUSION The present study shows that caudate D2/3 receptors play an important role in the development of quinpirole-induced hyperdipsia, an animal model of psychotic polydipsia. PB Springer SN 1432-2072 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/57390/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2735-8 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02020.x A1 Ashikali, Eleni-Marina A1 Dittmar, Helga T1 The effect of priming materialism on women's responses to thin-ideal media JF British Journal of Social Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-04-05 VO 51 IS 4 SP 514 OP 533 AB Consumer culture is characterized by two prominent ideals: the 'body perfect' and the material 'good life'. Although the impact of these ideals has been investigated in separate research literatures, no previous research has examined whether materialism is linked to women's responses to thin-ideal media. Data from several studies confirm that the internalization of materialistic and body-ideal values is positively linked in women. After developing a prime for materialism (N = 50), we present an experimental examination (N = 155) of the effects of priming materialism on women's responses to thin-ideal media, using multiple outcome measures of state body dissatisfaction. Priming materialism affects women's body dissatisfaction after exposure to thin media models, but differently depending on the dimension of body image measured. The two main novel findings are that (1) priming materialism heightens the centrality of appearance to women's self-concept and (2) priming materialism influences the activation of bodyrelated self-discrepancies (BRSDs), particularly for highly materialistic women. Exposure to materialisticmedia has a clear influence on women's body image, with trait materialism a further vulnerability factor for negative exposure effects in response to idealized, thin media models. PB Wiley SN 0144-6665 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/37133/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02020.x RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00088 A1 Axelsson, Emma L A1 Churchley, Kirsten A1 Horst, Jessica S T1 The right thing at the right time: why ostensive naming facilitates word learning JF Frontiers in Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-03 VO 3 AB The current study examines how focusing children’s attention immediately after fast mapping improves their ability to retain novel names. Previous research suggests that young children can only retain novel names presented via referent selection if ostensive naming is provided and that such explicit naming works by increasing children’s attention to the target and decreasing their attention to the competitor objects (Horst and Samuelson, 2008). This explanation of the function of ostensive naming after referent selection trials was tested by drawing 24-month-old children’s attention to the target either by illuminating the target, covering the competitors, or both. A control group was given a social pragmatic cue (pointing). Children given social pragmatic cue support did not demonstrate retention. However, children demonstrated retention if the target object was illuminated, and also when it was illuminated and the competitors simultaneously dampened. This suggests that drawing children’s attention to the target object in a manner that helps focus children’s attention is critical for word learning via referent selection. Directing attention away from competitors while also directing attention toward a target also aids in the retention of novel words. PB Frontiers SN 1664-1078 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/57246/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00088 RT Journal Article SR 00 A1 Ball, Roger A1 Drury, John T1 Representing the riots: the (mis)use of statistics to sustain ideological explanation JF Radical Statistics YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 106 SP 4 OP 21 AB This paper analyses the way that figures were used to support two kinds of accounts of the riots of August 2011 prevalent in media coverage and in pronouncements by government ministers. The first of these accounts suggested that the rioters were typically characterised by uncivilized predispositions. The second kind of account suggested that damage to property was typically irrational or indiscriminate. These accounts echo discredited ‘convergence’ and ‘submergence’ explanations in early crowd psychology. We show that the ‘convergence’ explanation – that the rioters were typically ‘career criminals’ or gang-members – was based on arrest figures, treating as unproblematic the circular way that such data was produced (with those already known to the police most likely to be identified and arrested). The ‘submergence account – the suggestion that violence was typically indiscriminate or irrational – was based in part on grouping together attacks on properties in different districts; those areas where 'anyone and anything' was attacked were affluent districts where the target was the rich district itself. Like their academic counterparts, the two types of accounts of the riots of August 2011 are profoundly ideological, for they serve to render the riots marginal and meaningless rather than indicative of wider problems in society. PB Radical Statistics Group SN 0268-6376 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41622/ UL http://www.radstats.org.uk/no106/BallDrury106.pdf RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01813.x A1 Banerjee, Robin A1 Bennett, Mark A1 Luke, Nikki T1 Children's reasoning about self-presentation following rule violations: the role of self-focused attention JF Child Development YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 83 IS 5 SP 1805 OP 1821 K1 peer relations conventional transgressions subjective identification individual-differences social interactions emotions mind consequences disclaimers attribution AB Rule violations are likely to serve as key contexts for learning to reason about public identity. In an initial study with 91 children aged 49 years, social emotions and self-presentational concerns were more likely to be cited when children were responding to hypothetical vignettes involving social-conventional rather than moral violations. In 2 further studies with 376 children aged 49 years, experimental manipulations of self-focused attention (either by leading children to believe they were being video-recorded or by varying audience reactions to transgressions) were found to elicit greater attention to social evaluation following moral violations, although self-presentational concerns were consistently salient in the context of social-conventional violations. The role of rule transgressions in childrens emerging self-awareness and social understanding is discussed NO 003UE Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:61 PB Wiley SN 0009-3920 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42289/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01813.x RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.06.009 A1 Banissy, Michael J A1 Cassell, Josephine E A1 Fitzpatrick, Sian A1 Ward, Jamie A1 Walsh, Vincent X A1 Muggleton, Neil G T1 Increased positive and disorganised schizotypy in synaesthetes who experience colour from letters and tones JF Cortex YR 2012 FD 2012-09 VO 48 IS 8 SP 1085 OP 1087 NO Letter to the editor PB Elsevier SN 0010-9452 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/13492/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.06.009 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.081 A1 Banissy, Michael J A1 Kanai, Ryota A1 Walsh, Vincent A1 Rees, Geraint T1 Inter-individual differences in empathy are reflected in human brain structure JF NeuroImage YR 2012 FD 2012-09 VO 62 IS 3 SP 2034 OP 2039 AB Empathy is a multi-faceted concept consisting of our ability not only to share emotions but also to exert cognitive control and perspective taking in our interactions with others. Here we examined whether inter-individual variability in different components of empathy was related to differences in brain structure assessed using voxel-based morphometry. Following a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, participants completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). Multiple regression was then used to assess the relationship between individual differences in grey matter volume and individual differences in empathy traits. We found that individual differences in affective empathic abilities oriented towards another person were negatively correlated with grey matter volume in the precuneus, inferior frontal gyrus, and anterior cingulate. Differences in self-oriented affective empathy were negatively correlated with grey matter volume of the somatosensory cortex, but positively correlated with volume in the insula; cognitive perspective taking abilities were positively correlated with grey matter volume of the anterior cingulate; and the ability to empathise with fictional characters was positively related to grey matter changes in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These findings are discussed in relation to neurocognitive models of empathy. PB Elsevier SN 1095-9572 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43888/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.081 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1111/j.2044-8260.2012.02035.x A1 Barazzone, Natalie A1 Cavanagh, Kate A1 Richards, David A T1 Computerised cognitive behavioural therapy and the therapeutic alliance: A qualitative enquiry JF British Journal of Clinical Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-04-17 VO 51 IS 4 SP 396 OP 417 AB Objectives: Computerised Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (cCBT) for depression has a growing evidence base, and is a recommended as a treatment choice for depression in recent National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2009) guidelines to health services in England and Wales. cCBT programs are designed to translate the evidence based tasks and techniques of CBT into an accessible, multimedia format, but it is less clear whether they also translate critical common factors of therapy which may be necessary for engagement and associated with therapeutic outcomes. This study investigates whether and to what extent three widely used cCBT programs for depression incorporate and convey key features that serve to establish, develop, and maintain a therapeutic alliance with program users. Design: This study adopted a qualitative approach to develop a thematic framework of alliance features specific to cCBT. Method: Three online cCBT programs designed to treat mild to moderate depression were investigated for alliance-related themes and subthemes. Results: The analysis revealed substantial evidence of therapeutic alliance features across the sample of cCBT programs, the prevalence and quality of which varied across relational stages. Conclusions: cCBT programs build on traditional self-help tools, offering unique relational features. Findings raise theoretical implications, in addition to guidance for future cCBT program development and service provision. PB British Psychological Society SN 0144-6657 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/38465/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.2012.02035.x RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.04.016 A1 Bardi, Lara A1 Kanai, Ryota A1 Mapelli, Daniela A1 Walsh, Vincent T1 Direct current stimulation (tDCS) reveals parietal asymmetry in local/global and salience-based selection JF Cortex YR 2012 FD 2012-05-16 VO 49 IS 3 SP 850 OP 860 AB Data from neuropsychology and neuroimaging studies indicate hemispheric asymmetries in processing object's global form versus local parts. However the attentional mechanisms subtending visual selection of different levels of information are poorly understood. The classical left hemisphere/local-right hemisphere/global dichotomy has been recently challenged by studies linking the asymmetry of activation in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) with the relative salience of the stimulus rather than with the local/global level. The present study aimed to assess hemispheric asymmetry in local-global and salience-based selection in hierarchical stimuli by using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). To this end, tDCS has been applied to the PPC of both the hemispheres. Our data revealed that tDCS did affect the selection of the target on the basis of its relative salience in a manner that depended on the tDCS polarity applied to the two hemispheres. This result is in line with previous findings that the left PPC is critically involved in attention for low-salience stimuli in the presence of high-salience distractor information, while right PPC is involved in attending to more salient stimuli. Hemispheric asymmetries were also found in local/global selection. Overall the results suggest that neural activation in the PPC is related to both the salience and the level of stimulus representations mediating responses to hierarchical stimuli. The comparison of the results from Experiments 1 and 2 in local/global-based selection suggests that the effect of stimulation could be completely opposite depending on subtle differences in demands of attentional control (sustained attention vs task switching). PB Elsevier SN 0010-9452 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43887/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2012.04.016 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1162/jocn_a_00223 A1 Bardi, Lara A1 Kanai, Ryota A1 Mapelli, Daniela A1 Walsh, Vincent T1 TMS of the FEF interferes with spatial conflict JF Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience YR 2012 FD 2012-06 VO 24 IS 6 SP 1305 OP 1313 AB In the Simon task, a conflict arises because irrelevant spatial information competes for response selection either facilitating or interfering with performance. Responses are faster when stimulus and response position correspond than when they do not. The FEFs, which have long been characterized for their role in oculomotor control, are also involved in the control of visuospatial attention when eye movements are not required. This study was aimed at investigating whether the FEFs contribute to spatial conflict. Double-pulse TMS was applied to the FEF of either left or right hemisphere during the execution of a Simon task at different time windows after the onset of the visual stimulus. A suppression of the Simon effect was observed after stimulation of the FEF for stimuli appearing in the contralateral hemifield when TMS was applied to the left hemisphere after stimulus onset (0-40 and 40-80 msec). A reduction of the correspondence effect was observed after right FEF TMS for stimuli presented in the left visual hemifield when stimulation was delivered in the 80-120 msec range after stimulus onset. These outcomes indicate that the FEF play a critical role in encoding spatial attribute of a stimulus for response priming, which is the prerequisite for response conflict in the Simon task. Moreover, our finding that the left FEF have a dominant role during spatial conflict extends the idea of the left-hemisphere lateralization of the motor network in action selection by suggesting that the FEF may constitute part of this network. PB Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press (MIT Press) SN 0898-929X LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43906/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00223 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.joep.2011.09.001 A1 Bardsley, Nicholas A1 Ball, Linden J A1 Ormerod, Tom T1 Do preference reversals generalise? Results on ambiguity and loss aversion JF Journal of Economic Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-02 VO 33 IS 1 SP 48 OP 57 K1 Preference Reversals, External Validity, Ambiguity, Loss Aversion AB Preference reversals are frequently observed in the lab, but almost all designs use completely transparent prospects, which are rarely features of decision making elsewhere. This raises questions of external validity. We test the robustness of the phenomenon to gambles which incorporate realistic ambiguity in payoffs and probabilities. In addition, we test a recent rationalisation of preference reversals by Third Generation Prospect Theory, which would also restrict the incidence of reversals outside the lab. According to this account, reversals occur largely because the selling protocol generally used for the valuation task activates loss aversion, which is excluded by the free gift protocol of the choice task. We find that reversals are not dependent on these procedures, though they seem to be encouraged by transparency. NO NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Economic Psychology. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Economic Psychology, 33, February 2012, DOI 10.1016/j.joep.2011.09.001. PB Elsevier SN 0167-4870 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/51103/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.09.001 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1037/a0026853 A1 Becker, Maja A1 Vignoles, Vivian L A1 Owe, Ellinor A1 Brown, Rupert A1 Smith, Peter B. A1 Easterbrook, Matt A1 Herman, Ginette A1 de Sauvage, Isabelle A1 Bourguignon, David A1 Torres, Ana A1 Camino, Leoncio A1 Lemos, Flávia Cristina Silveira A1 Ferreira, M. Cristina A1 Koller, Silvia H. A1 González, Roberto A1 Carrasco, Diego A1 Cadena, Maria Paz A1 Lay, Siugmin A1 Wang, Qian A1 Bond, Michael Harris A1 Trujillo, Elvia Vargas A1 Balanta, Paola A1 Valk, Aune A1 Mekonnen, Kassahun Habtamu A1 Nizharadze, George A1 Fülöp, Marta A1 Regalia, Camillo A1 Manzi, Claudia A1 Brambilla, Maria A1 Harb, Charles A1 Aldhafri, Said A1 Martin, Mariana A1 Macapagal, Ma. Elizabeth J. A1 Chybicka, Aneta A1 Gavreliuc, Alin A1 Buitendach, Johanna A1 Gallo, Inge Schweiger A1 Özgen, Emre A1 Güner, Ülkü E. A1 Yamakoğlu, Nil T1 Culture and the distinctiveness motive: constructing identity in individualistic and collectivistic contexts JF Journal of Personality and Social Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-04 VO 102 IS 4 SP 833 OP 855 AB The motive to attain a distinctive identity is sometimes thought to be stronger in, or even specific to, those socialized into individualistic cultures. Using data from 4,751 participants in 21 cultural groups (18 nations and 3 regions), we tested this prediction against our alternative view that culture would moderate the ways in which people achieve feelings of distinctiveness, rather than influence the strength of their motivation to do so. We measured the distinctiveness motive using an indirect technique to avoid cultural response biases. Analyses showed that the distinctiveness motive was not weaker—and, if anything, was stronger—in more collectivistic nations. However, individualism–collectivism was found to moderate the ways in which feelings of distinctiveness were constructed: Distinctiveness was associated more closely with difference and separateness in more individualistic cultures and was associated more closely with social position in more collectivistic cultures. Multilevel analysis confirmed that it is the prevailing beliefs and values in an individual's context, rather than the individual's own beliefs and values, that account for these differences. PB American Psychological Association SN 0022-3514 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41320/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026853 RT Dissertation/Thesis SR 00 A1 Bell, Beth Teresa T1 Understanding adolescent girls’ vulnerability to the impact of the mass media on body image and restrained eating behaviour: the role of media type, body perfect internalisation and materialism SP 286 AB There is a strong body of psychological research implicating the mass media in the aetiology of adolescent girls’ negative body image and eating behaviours. The present thesis aims to extend this research by examining potential factors – namely, media type, body perfect internalisation and materialism – that make girls more vulnerable to the negative impact of the mass media. An initial meta-analysis (Chapter 3) collated the findings of existing research examining the impact of ‘body perfect’ media on adolescents’ body image; examining gender, age and media type as moderators of this effect. Chapter 4 examined the relative roles of both media type and media model identification (a key dimension of body perfect internalisation), within the mass media and body image relationship. Using both survey and experimental methods (N = 199), it was found that adolescent girls’ habitual tendency to identify with media models, was a more potent vulnerability factor within the mass media and body image relationship, than media type. Due to the limitations associated with existing measures of body perfect internalisation, a new measure of body perfect internalisation was developed in Chapter 5 (N =373), which was subsequently utilised in the final experiments of the thesis. Chapter 6 demonstrated that acute music video exposure had a more potent negative impact on girls’ body image than still media images (N = 142); an effect that was fully mediated by wishful character identification and also moderated by body perfect internalisation. Chapter 7 consists of two studies that demonstrate the important role which materialism plays within the mass media, body image and eating behaviour relationship. In Study 1, structural equation modelling identified a direct pathway between materialism and restrained eating that was independent of body image (N = 199). This finding was further replicated in an exposure experiment, which demonstrated that brief exposure to materialistic media causes acute diet-like behaviours in adolescent girls (N = 180). LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39670/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.appet.2012.07.014 A1 Booth, David A A1 Jarvandi, Soghra A1 Thibault, Louise T1 Food after deprivation rewards the earlier eating JF Appetite YR 2012 FD 2012-12 VO 59 IS 3 SP 790 OP 795 K1 Overeating; Food reward; Delayed reinforcement; Food deprivation; Skipping meals; Restraint breakdown; Obesity-related disease AB Food intake can be increased by learning to anticipate the omission of subsequent meals. We present here a new theory that such anticipatory eating depends on an associative process of instrumental reinforcement by the nutritional repletion that occurs when access to food is restored. Our evidence over the last decade from a smooth-brained omnivore has been that food after deprivation rewards intake even when those reinforced ingestive responses occur long before the physiological signals from renewed assimilation. Effects of food consumed after self-deprivation might therefore reward extra eating in human beings, through brain mechanisms that could operate outside awareness. That would have implications for efforts to reduce body weight. This food reward mechanism could be contributing to the failure of the dietary component of interventions on obesity within controlled trials of the management or prevention of disorders such as hypertension, atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes. PB Elsevier SN 0195-6663 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/50734/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.07.014 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.visres.2011.11.007 A1 Bosten, J M A1 Mollon, J D T1 Kirschmann's Fourth Law JF Vision Research YR 2012 FD 2012-01-15 VO 53 IS 1 SP 40 OP 46 AB Kirschmann's Fourth Law states that the magnitude of simultaneous color contrast increases with the saturation of the inducing surround, but that the rate of increase reduces as saturation increases. Others since Kirschmann have agreed and disagreed. Here we show that the form of the relationship between simultaneous color contrast and inducer saturation depends on the method of measurement. Functions were measured by four methods: (i) asymmetric matching with a black surround, (ii) asymmetric matching with a surround metameric to equal energy white, (iii) dichoptic matching, and (iv) nulling an induced sinusoidal modulation. Results from the asymmetric matching conditions agreed with Kirschmann, whereas results from nulling and from dichoptic matching showed a more linear increase in simultaneous contrast with the saturation of the inducer. We conclude that the method certainly affects the conclusions reached, and that there may not be any "fair" way of measuring simultaneous contrast. PB Elsevier SN 0042-6989 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/52517/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2011.11.007 RT Book, Section SR 00 ID 10.1007/978-3-642-28801-2_3 A1 Boureux, Magali A1 Arfé, Barbara A1 Pasini, Margherita A1 Carretti, Barbara A1 Oakhill, Jane A1 Sullivan, Susan T1 Assessing connective understanding with visual and verbal tasks YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 152 SP 19 OP 26 T2 International workshop on evidence-based technology enhanced learning PB Springer PP Heidelberg T3 Advances in intelligent and soft computing SN 9783642288005 AV Published LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/46742/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28801-2_3 RT Dissertation/Thesis SR 00 A1 Britton, Gary T1 The relationship between causal constructs related to obsessive-compulsive disorder AB Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterised by intrusions into conscious thinking by repetitive, personally abhorrent, absurd and alien thoughts (obsessions) which lead to endless repetitive acts or rehearsal of irrational and sometimes bizarre mental and behavioural rituals (compulsions). Although a number of clinical constructs have been proposed to have a causal influence on OC symptoms, extremely little research exists examining how these constructs are related to each other and, further, how the relationships between these constructs influences each constructs relationship with OC symptoms (e.g. does a given construct have an independent role in influencing OC symptoms or is the constructs influence on OC symptoms being mediated by its influence on another intervening construct or constructs?). In the current thesis, the relationships between 5 clinical constructs were examined, as well as how the pattern of these relationships may affect each constructs influence on OC symptoms. A large questionnaire study suggested that the five constructs are best seen as separate constructs rather than indicators of one underlying construct. Separate experimental studies in which all 5 constructs were manipulated individually suggest that whilst inflated responsibility, intolerance of uncertainty and negative mood, respectively, all causally influence every other construct focused on in this thesis, not just right experiences and as many as can stop rules, respectively, do not casually influence any other construct. Subsequent regression analyses suggest that whilst some constructs directly influence OC symptoms, other constructs influence on OC symptoms are mediated by intervening constructs in the final model, whilst some constructs have little to no influence on OC symptoms when the influence of other constructs in the final model are taken into account. Implications of these findings for existing models of OCD, for studies examining the relationship between multiple constructs and OC symptoms and for the treatment of OCD are discussed. LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/40521/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1111/j.1744-540X.2012.00670.x A1 Brown, Rupert A1 deVisser, Richard A1 Dittmar, Helga A1 Drury, John A1 Farsides, Tom A1 Jessop, Donna A1 Sparks, Paul T1 Social psychology and policy-making: past neglect, future promise JF Public Policy Research YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 18 IS 4 SP 227 OP 234 AB Rupert Brown, Richard de Visser, Helga Dittmar, John Drury, Tom Farsides, Donna Jessop and Paul Sparks of the school of psychology at the University of Sussex make the case for including academic evidence from the world of social psychology in policymaking around some key contemporary public issues, from health and wellbeing to social cohesion and resilience PB Institute for Public Policy Research SN 1744-5396 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41059/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-540X.2012.00670.x RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0151-12.2012 A1 Campbell-Meiklejohn, Daniel A1 Simonsen, Arndis A1 Scheel-Krüger, Jørgen A1 Wohlert, Victoria A1 Gjerløff, Trine A1 Frith, Chris D A1 Rogers, Robert D A1 Roepstorff, Andreas A1 Møller, Arne T1 In for a penny, in for a pound: methylphenidate reduces the inhibitory effect of high stakes on persistent risky choice JF Journal of Neuroscience YR 2012 FD 2012-09-19 VO 32 IS 38 SP 13032 OP 13038 AB Methylphenidate (MPH) is a stimulant that increases extracellular levels of dopamine and noradrenaline. It can diminish risky decision-making tendencies in certain clinical populations. MPH is also used, without license, by healthy adults, but the impact on their decision-making is not well established. Previous work has found that dopamine receptor activity of healthy adults can modulate the influence of stake magnitude on decisions to persistently gamble after incurring a loss. In this study, we tested for modulation of this effect by MPH in 40 healthy human adults. In a double-blind experiment, 20 subjects received 20 mg of MPH, while 20 matched controls received a placebo. All were provided with 30 rounds of opportunities to accept an incurred loss from their assets or opt for a "double-or-nothing" gamble that would either avoid or double it. Rounds began with a variable loss that would double with every failed gamble until it was accepted, recovered, or reached a specified maximum. Probability of recovery on any gamble was low and ambiguous. Subjects receiving placebo gambled less as the magnitude of the stake was raised and as the magnitude of accumulated loss escalated over the course of the task. In contrast, subjects treated with MPH gambled at a consistent rate, well above chance, across all stakes and trials. Trait reward responsiveness also reduced the impact of high stakes. The findings suggest that elevated catecholamine activity by MPH can disrupt inhibitory influences on persistent risky choice in healthy adults. PB Society for Neuroscience SN 1529-2401 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/52018/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0151-12.2012 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.cub.2012.01.012 A1 Campbell-Meiklejohn, Daniel K A1 Kanai, Ryota A1 Bahrami, Bahador A1 Bach, Dominik R A1 Dolan, Raymond J A1 Roepstorff, Andreas A1 Frith, Chris D T1 Structure of orbitofrontal cortex predicts social influence JF Current Biology YR 2012 FD 2012-02-21 VO 22 IS 4 SP R123 OP R124 AB Some people conform more than others. Across different contexts, this tendency is a fairly stable trait [1]. This stability suggests that the tendency to conform might have an anatomical correlate [2]. Values that one associates with available options, from foods to political candidates, help to guide choices and behaviour. These values can often be updated by the expressed preferences of other people as much as by independent experience. In this correspondence, we report a linear relationship between grey matter volume (GM) in a region of lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFCGM) and the tendency to shift reported desire for objects toward values expressed by other people. This effect was found in precisely the same region in each brain hemisphere. lOFCGM also predicted the functional hemodynamic response in the middle frontal gyrus to discovering that someone else's values contrast with one's own. These findings indicate that the tendency to conform one's values to those expressed by other people has an anatomical correlate in the human brain. PB Elsevier (Cell Press) SN 0960-9822 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43907/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.01.012 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1038/npp.2011.337 A1 Campbell-Meiklejohn, Daniel K A1 Simonsen, Arndis A1 Jensen, Mads A1 Wohlert, Victoria A1 Gjerløff, Trine A1 Scheel-Kruger, Jørgen A1 Møller, Arne A1 Frith, Chris D A1 Roepstorff, Andreas T1 Modulation of social influence by methylphenidate JF Neuropsychopharmacology YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 37 IS 6 SP 1517 OP 1525 AB The ability to infer value from the reactions of other people is a common and essential ability with a poorly understood neurobiology. Commonly, social learning matches one's values and behavior to what is perceived as normal for one's social group. This is known as conformity. Conformity of value correlates with neural activity shared by cognitions that depend on optimum catecholamine levels, but catecholamine involvement in conformity has not been tested empirically. Methylphenidate (MPH) is an indirect dopamine and noradrenalin agonist, commonly used for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder for which it reduces undesirable behavior as evaluated by peers and authority figures, indicative of increased conformity. We hypothesized that MPH might increase conformity of value. In all, 38 healthy adult females received either a single oral 20 mg dose of MPH or placebo (PL). Each subject rated 153 faces for trustworthiness followed immediately by the face's mean rating from a group of peers. After 30 min and a 2-back continuous-performance working-memory task, subjects were unexpectedly asked to rate all the faces again. Both the groups tended to change their ratings towards the social norm. The MPH group exhibited twice the conformity effect of the PL group following moderate social conflict, but this did not occur following large conflicts. This suggests that MPH might enhance signals that would otherwise be too weak to evoke conformity. MPH did not affect 2-back performance. We provide a new working hypothesis of a neurocognitive mechanism by which MPH reduces socially disruptive behavior. We also provide novel evidence of catecholamine mediation of social learning [corrected]. PB Nature Publishing Group SN 0893-133X LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/52020/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.337 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1037/A0025402 A1 Caputi, Marcella A1 Lecce, Serena A1 Pagnin, Adriano A1 Banerjee, Robin T1 Longitudinal effects of theory of mind on later peer relations: the role of prosocial behavior JF Developmental Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-01-01 VO 48 IS 1 SP 257 OP 270 K1 theory of mind peer relationships prosocial behavior pro-social behavior cross-age perspective individual-differences false-belief middle childhood sociometric status young-children fit indexes preschool-children school AB Children's peer relations represent a key aspect of school adjustment. However, little is known about their social-cognitive precursors. To address this gap, the authors followed 70 children across the transition to primary school. At Time 1 (age 5), Time 2 (age 6), and Time 3 (age 7), children were assessed on their theory of mind, prosocial behavior, and verbal ability. In addition, at Time 2 and at Time 3, the authors gathered peer nominations. Results supported the authors' mediational hypothesis of indirect paths from early theory of mind to subsequently lower peer rejection and higher peer acceptance, via improvements in prosocial behavior. The authors discuss implications of these longitudinal effects for the understanding of the impact of social-cognitive achievements for children's developing social relations PB American Psychological Association SN 0012-1649 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42288/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/A0025402 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1037/a0025402 A1 Caputi, Marcella A1 Lecce, Serena A1 Pagnin, Adriano A1 Banerjee, Robin T1 Longitudinal effects of theory of mind on later peer relations: the role of prosocial behaviour JF Developmental Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-01 VO 48 IS 1 SP 257 OP 270 AB Children's peer relations represent a key aspect of school adjustment. However, little is known about their social-cognitive precursors. To address this gap, the authors followed 70 children across the transition to primary school. At Time 1 (age 5), Time 2 (age 6), and Time 3 (age 7), children were assessed on their theory of mind, prosocial behavior, and verbal ability. In addition, at Time 2 and at Time 3, the authors gathered peer nominations. Results supported the authors' mediational hypothesis of indirect paths from early theory of mind to subsequently lower peer rejection and higher peer acceptance, via improvements in prosocial behavior. The authors discuss implications of these longitudinal effects for the understanding of the impact of social-cognitive achievements for children's developing social relations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) NO First author was a visiting research intern (as part of my collaboration with her supervisors in Italy). I made a significant contribution to data analysis and writing of the paper. PB American Psychological Association SN 0012-1649 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/14810/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025402 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1037/a0025888 A1 Carr, Amanda A1 Pike, Alison T1 Maternal scaffolding behavior: Links with parenting style and maternal education JF Developmental Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-03 VO 48 IS 2 SP 543 OP 551 AB The purpose of this study was to specify the relationship between positive and harsh parenting and maternal scaffolding behavior. A 2nd aim was to disentangle the effects of maternal education and parenting quality, and a 3rd aim was to test whether parenting quality mediated the association between maternal education and scaffolding practices. We examined associations between positive and harsh parenting practices and contingent and noncontingent tutoring strategies. Ninety-six mother–child dyads (49 boys, 47 girls) from working- and middle-class English families participated. Mothers reported on parenting quality at Time 1 when children were 5 years old and again approximately 5 years later at Time 2. Mother–child pairs were observed working together on a block design task at Time 2, and interactions were coded for contingent (contingent shifting) and noncontingent (fixed failure feedback) dimensions of maternal scaffolding behavior. Positive and harsh parenting accounted for variance in contingent behavior over and above maternal education, whereas only harsh parenting accounted for unique variance in noncontingent scaffolding practices. Our findings provide new evidence for a more differentiated model of the relation between general parenting quality and specific scaffolding behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) PB American Psychological Association SN 0012-1649 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42068/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025888 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1007/s10919-011-0123-4 A1 Cartei, Valentina A1 Reby, David T1 Acting gay: male actors shift the frequency components of their voices towards female values when playing homosexual characters JF Journal of Nonverbal Behavior YR 2012 FD 2012-03 VO 36 IS 1 SP 79 OP 93 AB The purpose of this study was to investigate whether actors playing homosexual male characters in North-American television shows speak with a feminized voice, thus following longstanding stereotypes that attribute feminine characteristics to male homosexuals. We predicted that when playing homosexual characters, actors would raise the frequency components of their voice towards more stereotypically feminine values. This study compares fundamental frequency (F0) and formant frequencies (F i ) parameters in the speech of fifteen actors playing homosexual and heterosexual characters in North-American television shows. Our results reveal that the voices of actors playing homosexual male characters are characterized by a raised F0 (corresponding to a higher pitch), and raised formant frequencies (corresponding to a less baritone timbre), approaching values typical of female voices. Besides providing further evidence of the existence of an “effeminacy” stereotype in portraying male homosexuals in the media, these results show that actors perform pitch and vocal tract length adjustments in order to alter their perceived sexual orientation, emphasizing the role of these frequency components in the behavioral expression of gender attributes in the human voice. PB Springer Verlag SN 0191-5886 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/14165/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10919-011-0123-4 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1371/journal.pone.0031353 A1 Cartei, Valentina A1 Wind Cowles, Heidi A1 Reby, David T1 Spontaneous voice gender imitation abilities in adult speakers JF PLoS ONE YR 2012 FD 2012-02-17 VO 7 IS 2 SP e31353 AB Background The frequency components of the human voice play a major role in signalling the gender of the speaker. A voice imitation study was conducted to investigate individuals' ability to make behavioural adjustments to fundamental frequency (F0), and formants (Fi) in order to manipulate their expression of voice gender. Methodology/Principal Findings Thirty-two native British-English adult speakers were asked to read out loud different types of text (words, sentence, passage) using their normal voice and then while sounding as ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’ as possible. Overall, the results show that both men and women raised their F0 and Fi when feminising their voice, and lowered their F0 and Fi when masculinising their voice. Conclusions/Significance These observations suggest that adult speakers are capable of spontaneous glottal and vocal tract length adjustments to express masculinity and femininity in their voice. These results point to a “gender code”, where speakers make a conventionalized use of the existing sex dimorphism to vary the expression of their gender and gender-related attributes. PB Public Library of Science SN 1932-6203 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/13893/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031353 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60384-0 A1 Carter, Holly A1 Drury, John A1 Rubin, G James A1 Williams, Richard A1 Amlôt, Richard T1 Public communication needs during incidents involving emergency decontamination JF Lancet YR 2012 FD 2012-11-23 VO 380 IS S3 SP S28 AB Background The threat of chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive incidents has increased because of technological advancements and the willingness of terrorists to use unconventional weapons. Emergency responders can use interventions such as decontamination and quarantine during such incidents. However, when emergency responders do not communicate effectively, public anxiety could increase and compliance with decontamination could be poor, reducing the efficacy of decontamination and creating a secondary contamination hazard for receiving hospitals. There is a need to examine whether current procedures sufficiently acknowledge public communication needs. Methods First, a systematic review of published decontamination guidance for responders was undertaken. Second, semistructured telephone interviews were carried out with a convenience sample of 13 responders from the UK Fire and Rescue Service who had similar training but different amounts of decontamination experience. A thematic framework was developed to analyse the findings for previously identified issues, such as perceptions of public compliance with the need for decontamination, excessive public anxiety, and orderly behaviour. Relevant passages were coded into one or more of the themes. Care was taken to document the full variety of responses given; contradiction in interview accounts was actively sought. The potential for interviewer bias was reduced with a semistructured interview schedule and telephone interviews, thereby eliminating the effect of non-verbal cues. Finally, data from five emergency preparedness exercises involving decontamination were analysed. All participants who underwent decontamination during these exercises (n=402) completed questionnaires. Numbers of men and women were roughly equal; ages ranged from 18 years to 85 years. Quantitative data were analysed with correlational and path analysis, and qualitative data with the framework approach. A second researcher coded a subsection of the data, producing an inter-rate reliability rate of 89%. Findings The systematic review showed poor planning for communication with members of the public. The interview study established that responders who had previous experience of decontamination perceived communication with the public to be important. Responders who did not have experience of decontamination did not recognise the role of communication, and instead emphasised the importance of controlling members of the public who were said to be vulnerable to mass panic. Analysis of qualitative data from emergency preparedness exercises showed that most participants felt that they had not been given adequate communication from responders. A path model based on the results from the quantitative data had good overall fit (χ2 test; p=0·607). Poor perceived communication contributed to decreased levels of reassurance (r=0·28, p=0·006) and willingness to comply with decontamination (r=0·31, p=0·007). Interpretation Effective communication is a key intervention through which emergency responders can contribute to the successful management of decontamination. The small number of responders in the interview study could reduce the ability to generalise results. However, 12 interviews is usually enough for data saturation and hence an understanding of common perceptions and experiences in homogeneous sample groups. Additionally, exercises attempt to replicate a real situation, but some variables (especially anxiety) can differ significantly in real incidents. However, the relation between variables should not be different; successful communication would probably be even more important during a real incident than in exercises. PB Elsevier SN 0140-6736 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/45399/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60384-0 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1089/bsp.2012.0013 A1 Carter, Holly A1 Drury, John A1 Rubin, G James A1 Williams, Richard A1 Amlôt, Richard T1 Public experiences of mass casualty decontamination JF Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science YR 2012 FD 2012-09-11 VO 10 IS 3 SP 280 OP 289 AB In this article, we analyze feedback from simulated casualties who took part in field exercises involving mass decontamination, to gain an understanding of how responder communication can affect people’s experiences of and compliance with decontamination. We analyzed questionnaire data gathered from 402 volunteers using the framework approach, to provide an insight into the public’s experiences of decontamination and how these experiences are shaped by the actions of emergency responders. Factors that affected casualties’ experiences of the econtamination process included the need for greater practical information and better communication from responders, and the need for privacy. Results support previous findings from small-scale incidents that involved decontamination in showing that participants wanted better communication from responders during the process of decontamination, including more practical information, and that the failure of responders to communicate effectively with members of the public led to anxiety about the decontamination process. The similarity between the findings from the exercises described in this article and previous research into real incidents involving decontamination suggests that field exercises provide a useful way to examine the effect of responder communication strategies on the public’s experiences of decontamination. Future exercises should examine in more detail the effect of various communication strategies on the public’s experiences of decontamination. This will facilitate the development of evidence-based communication strategies intended to reduce anxiety about decontamination and increase compliance among members of the public during real-life incidents that involve mass decontamination. PB Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. SN 1538-7135 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41624/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2012.0013 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.09.034 A1 Charlton, Benjamin D A1 Ellis, William A H A1 Brumm, Jacqui A1 Nilsson, Karen A1 Fitch, W Tecumseh T1 Female koalas prefer bellows in which lower formants indicate larger males JF Animal Behaviour YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 84 IS 6 SP 1565 OP 1571 AB Despite an extensive literature on the role of acoustic cues in mate choice little is known about the specific vocal traits that female mammals prefer. We used resynthesis techniques and playback experiments to examine the behavioural responses of oestrous female koalas, Phascolarctos cinereus, to male bellows in which a specific acoustic cue to body size, the formants, were modified to simulate callers of different body size. Oestrous females looked longer towards, and spent more time in close proximity to, loudspeakers broadcasting bellows simulating larger male koalas. These findings suggest that female koalas use formants (key components of human speech) to select larger males as mating partners, and represent the first evidence of a marsupial mating preference based on a vocal signal. More generally, these results indicate that intersexual selection pressures to lower formants and exaggerate size are present in a marsupial species, raising interesting questions about the evolutionary origins of formant perception. PB Elsevier Masson SN 0003-3472 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41861/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.09.034 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1007/s10071-012-0527-5 A1 Charlton, Benjamin D A1 Ellis, William A H A1 Larkin, Rebecca A1 Fitch, W Tecumseh T1 Perception of size-related formant information in male koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) JF Animal Cognition YR 2012 FD 2012-09-01 VO 15 IS 5 SP 999 OP 1006 AB Advances in bioacoustics allow us to study the perceptual and functional relevance of individual acoustic parameters. Here, we use re-synthesised male koala bellows and a habituation–dishabituation paradigm to test the hypothesis that male koalas are sensitive to shifts in formant frequencies corresponding to the natural variation in body size between a large and small adult male. We found that males habituated to bellows, in which the formants had been shifted to simulate a large or small male displayed a significant increase in behavioural response (dishabituation) when they were presented with bellows simulating the alternate size variant. The rehabituation control, in which the behavioural response levels returned to that of the last playbacks of the habituation phase, indicates that this was not a chance increase in response levels. Our results provide clear evidence that male koalas perceive and attend to size-related formant information in their own species-specific vocalisations and suggest that formant perception is a widespread ability shared by marsupials and placental mammals, and perhaps by vertebrates more widely PB Springer SN 1435-9448 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41862/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-012-0527-5 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1371/journal.pone.0035626 A1 Charlton, Benjamin D A1 Filippi, Piera A1 Fitch, W Tecumseh T1 Do women prefer more complex music around ovulation? JF PLoS ONE YR 2012 FD 2012-04-25 VO 7 IS 4 SP e35626 AB The evolutionary origins of music are much debated. One theory holds that the ability to produce complex musical sounds might reflect qualities that are relevant in mate choice contexts and hence, that music is functionally analogous to the sexually-selected acoustic displays of some animals. If so, women may be expected to show heightened preferences for more complex music when they are most fertile. Here, we used computer-generated musical pieces and ovulation predictor kits to test this hypothesis. Our results indicate that women prefer more complex music in general; however, we found no evidence that their preference for more complex music increased around ovulation. Consequently, our findings are not consistent with the hypothesis that a heightened preference/bias in women for more complex music around ovulation could have played a role in the evolution of music. We go on to suggest future studies that could further investigate whether sexual selection played a role in the evolution of this universal aspect of human culture PB Public Library of Science SN 1932-6203 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41865/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035626 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1371/journal.pone.0045420 A1 Charlton, Benjamin D A1 Reby, David A1 Ellis, William A H A1 Brumm, Jacqui A1 Fitch, W Tecumseh T1 Estimating the active space of male koala bellows: propagation of cues to size and identity in a Eucalyptus forest JF PLoS ONE YR 2012 FD 2012-09-20 VO 7 IS 9 SP e45420 AB Examining how increasing distance affects the information content of vocal signals is fundamental for determining the active space of a given species’ vocal communication system. In the current study we played back male koala bellows in a Eucalyptus forest to determine the extent that individual classification of male koala bellows becomes less accurate over distance, and also to quantify how individually distinctive acoustic features of bellows and size-related information degrade over distance. Our results show that the formant frequencies of bellows derived from Linear Predictive Coding can be used to classify calls to male koalas over distances of 1–50 m. Further analysis revealed that the upper formant frequencies and formant frequency spacing were the most stable acoustic features of male bellows as they propagated through the Eucalyptus canopy. Taken together these findings suggest that koalas could recognise known individuals at distances of up to 50 m and indicate that they should attend to variation in the upper formant frequencies and formant frequency spacing when assessing the identity of callers. Furthermore, since the formant frequency spacing is also a cue to male body size in this species and its variation over distance remained very low compared to documented inter-individual variation, we suggest that male koalas would still be reliably classified as small, medium or large by receivers at distances of up to 150 m. PB Public Library of Science SN 1932-6203 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41871/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045420 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1007/s00265-012-1345-0 A1 Charlton, Benjamin D A1 Swaisgood, Ronald R A1 Zhihe, Zhang A1 Snyder, Rebecca J T1 Giant pandas attend to androgen-related variation in male bleats JF Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology YR 2012 FD 2012-06 VO 66 IS 6 SP 969 OP 974 AB Although androgen-dependant traits are predicted to signal overall male quality, no study has examined the response of a nonhuman animal to variation in a known acoustic cue to male androgen levels (steroid hormones that are key drivers of male sexual behaviour). Here, we use a single-speaker approach to present male and female giant pandas with re-synthesised male bleats representing callers with high and low androgen levels. Our results revealed that male and female giant pandas had significantly greater-looking responses, spent more time pacing, and were faster to respond to playbacks of bleats simulating high androgen males. When we analysed the sexes separately, a slightly different response pattern was revealed: whereas males and females still had significantly greater-looking responses and were faster to respond to bleats simulating high androgen males, only male giant pandas tended to spend more time pacing. These findings suggest that vocal cues to male androgen levels are functionally relevant to male and female giant pandas during the breeding season, and constitute the first demonstration that a nonhuman animal could be using a vocal signal to assess male hormonal state. We go on to discuss the ecological relevance of signalling androgen levels in this species’ sexual communication and the possible application of our results to conservation breeding PB Springer Verlag SN 0340-5443 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41875/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-012-1345-0 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5895-11.2012 A1 Cifani, Carlo A1 Koya, Eisuke A1 Navarre, Brittany M A1 Calu, Donna J A1 Baumann, Michael H A1 Marchant, Nathan J A1 Liu, Qing-Rong A1 Khuc, Thi A1 Pickel, James A1 Lupica, Carl R A1 Shaham, Yavin A1 Hope, Bruce T T1 Medial prefrontal cortex neuronal activation and synaptic alterations after stress-induced reinstatement of palatable food seeking: a study using c-fos-GFP transgenic female rats JF The Journal of Neuroscience YR 2012 FD 2012-06-20 VO 32 IS 25 SP 8480 OP 8490 AB Relapse to maladaptive eating habits during dieting is often provoked by stress and there is evidence for a role of ovarian hormones in stress responses and feeding. We studied the role of these hormones in stress-induced reinstatement of food seeking and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) neuronal activation in c-fos-GFP transgenic female rats, which express GFP in strongly activated neurons. Food-restricted ovariectomized or sham-operated c-fos-GFP rats were trained to lever-press for palatable food pellets. Subsequently, lever-pressing was extinguished and reinstatement of food seeking and mPFC neuronal activation was assessed after injections of the pharmacological stressor yohimbine (0.5-2 mg/kg) or pellet priming (1-4 noncontingent pellets). Estrous cycle effects on reinstatement were also assessed in wild-type rats. Yohimbine- and pellet-priming-induced reinstatement was associated with Fos and GFP induction in mPFC; both reinstatement and neuronal activation were minimally affected by ovarian hormones in both c-fos-GFP and wild-type rats. c-fos-GFP transgenic rats were then used to assess glutamatergic synaptic alterations within activated GFP-positive and nonactivated GFP-negative mPFC neurons following yohimbine-induced reinstatement of food seeking. This reinstatement was associated with reduced AMPA receptor/NMDA receptor current ratios and increased paired-pulse facilitation in activated GFP-positive but not GFP-negative neurons. While ovarian hormones do not appear to play a role in stress-induced relapse of food seeking in our rat model, this reinstatement was associated with unique synaptic alterations in strongly activated mPFC neurons. Our paper introduces the c-fos-GFP transgenic rat as a new tool to study unique synaptic changes in activated neurons during behavior PB Society for Neuroscience SN 0270-6474 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42434/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5895-11.2012 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.2337/dc12-0076 A1 Cooke, Debbie A1 O'Hara, Marie Clare A1 Beinart, Naomi A1 Heller, Simon A1 La Marca, Roberto A1 Byrne, Molly A1 Mansell, Peter A1 Dineen, Sean F. A1 Clark, Marie A1 Bond, Rod A1 Speight, Jane A1 for the U.K. NIHR DAFNE Study Group, T1 Linguistic and psychometric validation of the diabetes-specific quality of life scale (DSQOLS) in English JF Diabetes Care YR 2012 FD 2012-12-18 VO 36 IS 5 SP 1117 OP 1125 AB Objective To develop a linguistically and psychometrically validated U.K. English (U.K./Ireland) version of the Diabetes-Specific Quality-of-Life Scale (DSQOLS) for adults with type 1 diabetes. Research design and methods We conducted independent forward and backward translation of the validated German DSQOLS. An iterative interview study with health professionals (n = 3) and adults with type 1 diabetes (n = 8) established linguistic validity. The DSQOLS was included in three Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE) studies (total N = 1,071). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was undertaken to examine questionnaire structure. Concurrent and discriminant validity, internal consistency, and reliability were assessed. Results EFA indicated a six-factor structure for the DSQOLS (social aspects, fear of hypoglycemia, dietary restrictions, physical complaints, anxiety about the future, and daily hassles). High internal consistency reliability was found for these factors and the weighted treatment satisfaction scale (α = 0.85–0.94). All subscales were moderately, positively correlated with the Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality-of-Life (ADDQoL) measure, demonstrating evidence of concurrent validity. Lower DSQOLS subscale scores [indicating impaired quality of life (QoL)] were associated with the presence of diabetes-related complications. Conclusions The DSQOLS captures the impact of detailed aspects of modern type 1 diabetes management (e.g., carbohydrate counting and flexible insulin dose adjustment) that are now routine in many parts of the U.K. and Ireland. The U.K. English version of the DSQOLS offers a valuable tool for assessing the impact of treatment approaches on QoL in adults with type 1 diabetes. PB American Diabetes Association SN 0149-5992 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/14690/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc12-0076 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1038/mp.2011.106. A1 Crockett, M J A1 Clark, L A1 Roiser, J P A1 Robinson, O J A1 Cools, R A1 Chase, H W A1 Ouden, H den A1 Apergis-Schoute, A A1 Campbell-Meikeljohn, D A1 Seymour, B A1 Sahakian, B J A1 Rogers, R D A1 Robbins, T W T1 Converging evidence for central 5-HT effects in acute tryptophan depletion JF Molecular Psychiatry YR 2012 FD 2012-02 VO 17 IS 2 SP 121 OP 123 AB Acute tryptophan depletion (ATD), a dietary technique for manipulating brain serotonin (5-HT) function, has advanced our understanding of 5-HT mechanisms in the etiology and treatment of depression and other affective disorders.1 A recent review article in Molecular Psychiatry questioned the validity of ATD.2 Although we agree that ATD's effects on 5-HT activity at the molecular level need further clarification, van Donkelaar et al.2 goes too far in challenging whether ATD exerts its effects through serotonergic mechanisms. There is strong evidence that ATD reduces brain 5-HT and disrupts stimulated 5-HT release,3, 4 and converging translational findings support a central role for brain 5-HT in ATD's effects on cognition and behavior. PB Nature Publishing Group SN 1359-4184 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/52021/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2011.106 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.085720 A1 Dadds, Mark R A1 Allen, Jennifer L A1 Oliver, Bonamy R A1 Faulkner, Nathan A1 Legge, Katherine A1 Moul, Caroline A1 Woolgar, Matthew A1 Scott, Stephen T1 Love, eye contact and the developmental origins of empathy v. psychopathy JF The British Journal of Psychiatry YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 200 IS 3 SP 191 OP 196 AB Background A propensity to attend to other people's emotions is a necessary condition for human empathy. Aims To test our hypothesis that psychopathic disorder begins as a failure to attend to the eyes of attachment figures, using a `love' scenario in young children. Method Children with oppositional defiant disorder, assessed for callous–unemotional traits, and a control group were observed in a love interaction with mothers. Eye contact and affection were measured for each dyad. Results There was no group difference in affection and eye contact expressed by the mothers. Compared with controls, children with oppositional defiant disorder expressed lower levels of affection back towards their mothers; those with high levels of callous–unemotional traits showed significantly lower levels of affection than the children lacking these traits. As predicted, the former group showed low levels of eye contact toward their mothers. Low eye contact was not correlated with maternal coercive parenting or feelings toward the child, but was correlated with psychopathic fearlessness in their fathers. Conclusions Impairments in eye contact are characteristic of children with callous–unemotional traits, and these impairments are independent of maternal behaviour. PB Royal College of Psychiatrists SN 0007-1250 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41100/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.085720 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.12.002 A1 Dash, Suzanne R A1 Davey, Graham C L T1 An experimental investigation of the role of negative mood in worry: The role of appraisals that facilitate systematic information processing JF Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry YR 2012 FD 2012-06 VO 43 IS 2 SP 823 OP 831 PB Elsevier SN 0005-7916 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/38438/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.12.002 RT Book, Whole SR 00 A1 Davey, Graham A1 Cavanagh, Kate A1 Jones, Fergal A1 Turner, Lydia A1 Whittington, Adrian T1 Managing anxiety with CBT for dummies YR 2012 FD 2012-08-28 SP 180 AB Don't panic! Combat your worries and minimize anxiety with CBT! Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a hugely popular self-help technique, which teaches you to break free from destructive or negative behaviors and make positive changes to both your thoughts and your actions. This practical guide to managing anxiety with CBT will help you understand your anxiety, identify solutions to your problems, and maintain your gains and avoid relapse. Managing Anxiety with CBT For Dummies is a practical guide to using CBT to face your fears and overcome anxiety and persistent, irrational worries. You'll discover how to put extreme thinking into perspective and challenge negative, anxiety-inducing thoughts with a range of effective CBT techniques to help you enjoy a calmer, happier life. Helps you understand anxiety and how CBT can help Guides you in making change and setting goals Gives you tried-and-true CBT techniques to face your fears and keep a realistic perspective Managing Anxiety with CBT For Dummies gives you the tools you need to overcome anxiety and expand your horizons for a healthy, balanced life. PB Wiley PP Chichester SN 9781118366066 AV Published LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41380/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1136/bmj.e1107 A1 Day, Crispin A1 Michelson, Daniel A1 Thomson, Stacey A1 Penney, Caroline A1 Draper, Lucy T1 Evaluation of a peer led parenting intervention for disruptive behaviour problems in children: community based randomised controlled trial JF BMJ YR 2012 FD 2012-01-01 VO 344 IS e1107 SP 1 OP 10 AB Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a peer led parenting intervention delivered to socially disadvantaged families. Design Randomised controlled trial. Setting Schools and children’s centres in a socially deprived borough of inner London. Participants Parental caregivers seeking help with managing the problem behaviours of 116 index children, aged 2-11 years; 59 families were randomised to the intervention and 57 to a waitlist control condition. Intervention Empowering parents, empowering communities is an eight week (two hours each week), manualised programme delivered to groups of parents by trained peer facilitators from the local community. Main outcome measures Child problems (number and severity), parental stress, and parenting competencies were assessed before and after the intervention using standardised parent reported measures. Results Significantly greater improvements in positive parenting practices and child problems were observed in the intervention group compared with the waitlist group, with no difference in parental stress between the groups. An intention to treat analysis for the primary outcome measure, the intensity subscale of the Eyberg child behaviour inventory, showed an intervention effect size of 0.38 (95% confidence interval 0.01 to 0.75, P=0.01). The intervention group had high rates of treatment retention (91.5%) and user satisfaction. Conclusion The peer led parenting intervention significantly reduced child behaviour problems and improved parenting competencies. This is a promising method for providing effective and acceptable parenting support to families considered hard to reach by mainstream services. PB BMJ Publishing Group SN 0959-8138 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/79870/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e1107 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2011.00619.x A1 Day, Crispin A1 Michelson, Daniel A1 Thomson, Stacey A1 Penney, Caroline A1 Draper, Lucy T1 Innovations in practice: empowering parents, empowering communities: a pilot evaluation of a peer-led parenting programme JF Child and Adolescent Mental Health YR 2012 FD 2012-02-01 VO 17 IS 1 SP 52 OP 57 AB Background: Efficacious parenting interventions are under‐utilised in mainstream services. Empowering Parents, Empowering Communities (EPEC) aims to increase community access to effective parenting support through a peer‐led manualised intervention. Method: Training outcomes, clinical effectiveness and acceptability of EPEC were evaluated using a pre‐post cohort design. Data were collected from trained peer facilitators (n=31) and parenting group participants (n=73). Results: Peer facilitators demonstrated significantly increased knowledge of and confidence in delivering parenting groups. Parents attending groups reported improvements in child behaviour and parenting stress, and high satisfaction. Conclusions: Early evidence suggests that EPEC may be an effective and acceptable service model in socially disadvantaged communities. PB Wiley SN 1475-357X LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/79869/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2011.00619.x RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1515/revneuro-2012-0078 A1 De Luca, Maria Teresa A1 Meringolo, Maria A1 Spagnolo, Primavera Alessandra A1 Badiani, Aldo T1 The role of setting for ketamine abuse: clinical and preclinical evidence JF Reviews in the neurosciences YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 23 IS 5-6 SP 769 OP 780 AB Drug abuse is often seen as a unitary phenomenon, partly as a result of the discovery over the past three decades of shared mechanisms of action for addictive substances. Yet the pattern of drug taking is often very different from drug to drug. This is particularly evident in the case of 'club drugs', such as ketamine. Although the number of ketamine abusers is relatively small in the general population, it is quite substantial in some settings. In particular, ketamine abuse is almost exclusively limited to clubs and large music parties, which suggests a major role of context in modulating the reward effects of this drug. This review focuses on recent preclinical and clinical findings, including previously unpublished data, that provide evidence that, even under controlled conditions, ketamine reward is a function of the setting of drug taking. PB De Gruyter SN 0334-1763 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/57391/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2012-0078 RT Book, Section SR 00 A1 Dienes, Zoltan T1 Conscious versus unconscious learning of structure YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 1 SP 511 A2 Rebuschat, Patrick A2 Williams, John N T2 Statistical learning and language acquisition PB De Gruyter Mouton PP Boston T3 Studies in second and foreign language education SN 9781934078235 AV Published LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/14327/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1371/journal.pone.0033400 A1 Dienes, Zoltan A1 Baddeley, Roland J A1 Jansari, Ashok T1 Rapidly measuring the speed of unconscious learning: amnesics learn quickly and happy people slowly JF PLoS ONE YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 7 IS 3 SP e33400 AB BACKGROUND We introduce a method for quickly determining the rate of implicit learning. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The task involves making a binary prediction for a probabilistic sequence over 10 minutes; from this it is possible to determine the influence of events of a different number of trials in the past on the current decision. This profile directly reflects the learning rate parameter of a large class of learning algorithms including the delta and Rescorla-Wagner rules. To illustrate the use of the method, we compare a person with amnesia with normal controls and we compare people with induced happy and sad moods. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Learning on the task is likely both associative and implicit. We argue theoretically and demonstrate empirically that both amnesia and also transient negative moods can be associated with an especially large learning rate: People with amnesia can learn quickly and happy people slowly PB Public Library of Science SN 1932-6203 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42763/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033400 RT Book, Section SR 00 A1 Dienes, Zoltan A1 Jones, Catherine A1 Kuhn, Gustav A1 Xiuyan, Guo T1 Communicating structure, affect and movement: commentary on Bharucha, Curtis & Paroo YR 2012 FD 2012-01 SP 338 A2 Rebuschat, Patrick A2 Rohrmeier, Martin A2 Hawkins, John A A2 Cross, Ian T2 Language and music as cognitive systems PB Oxford University Press PP Oxford SN 9780199553426 AV Published LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/14843/ RT Book, Section SR 00 ID 10.1016/B978-0-12-384925-0.00061-4 A1 Dittmar, H T1 Dolls and action figures YR 2012 FD 2012-03-26 VO 1 SP 386 OP 391 AB This article addresses the perfect body ideals embodied by dolls and action figures marketed at children and adolescents, and the effect these toys can have on body image. Dolls and action figures provide tangible images of the body that can be internalized as part of children’s and adolescents’ developing sense of identity and body image. The article presents a meta-theoretical framework of how toys can function as socialization agents, describes the ways in which sociocultural body ideals are represented in toys, and then reviews existing research on the impact of dolls and action figures on body dissatisfaction and body-related behaviors in children and adolescents. A2 Cash, Thomas F T2 Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance PB Elsevier PP London SN 9780123849250 AV Published LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/66526/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384925-0.00061-4 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1371/journal.pone.0047135 A1 Dixon, Claire I A1 Walker, Sophie E A1 King, Sarah L A1 Stephens, David N T1 Deletion of the gabra2 gene results in hypersensitivity to the acute effects of ethanol but does not alter ethanol self administration JF PLoS ONE YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 7 IS 10 SP e47135 AB Human genetic studies have suggested that polymorphisms of the GABRA2 gene encoding the GABA(A) α2-subunit are associated with ethanol dependence. Variations in this gene also convey sensitivity to the subjective effects of ethanol, indicating a role in mediating ethanol-related behaviours. We therefore investigated the consequences of deleting the α2-subunit on the ataxic and rewarding properties of ethanol in mice. Ataxic and sedative effects of ethanol were explored in GABA(A) α2-subunit wildtype (WT) and knockout (KO) mice using a Rotarod apparatus, wire hang and the duration of loss of righting reflex. Following training, KO mice showed shorter latencies to fall than WT littermates under ethanol (2 g/kg i.p.) in both Rotarod and wire hang tests. After administration of ethanol (3.5 g/kg i.p.), KO mice took longer to regain the righting reflex than WT mice. To ensure the acute effects are not due to the gabra2 deletion affecting pharmacokinetics, blood ethanol concentrations were measured at 20 minute intervals after acute administration (2 g/kg i.p.), and did not differ between genotypes. To investigate ethanol's rewarding properties, WT and KO mice were trained to lever press to receive increasing concentrations of ethanol on an FR4 schedule of reinforcement. Both WT and KO mice self-administered ethanol at similar rates, with no differences in the numbers of reinforcers earned. These data indicate a protective role for α2-subunits, against the acute sedative and ataxic effects of ethanol. However, no change was observed in ethanol self administration, suggesting the rewarding effects of ethanol remain unchanged PB Public Library of Science SN 1932-6203 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42102/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047135 RT Book, Section SR 00 A1 Drury, John T1 Collective resilience in mass emergencies and disasters: A social identity model YR 2012 FD 2012 SP 195 OP 215 A2 Jetten, Jolanda A2 Haslam, Catherine A2 Haslam, S Alexander T2 The social cure: identity, health and well-being PB Psychology Press PP Hove; New York SN 9781848720213 AV Published LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/13614/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1017/S0140525X12001173 A1 Drury, John T1 [Commentary] Prejudice is about politics: a collective action perspective JF Behavioral and Brain Sciences YR 2012 FD 2012-12-01 VO 35 IS 6 SP 20 OP 21 AB In line with Dixon et al.'s argument, I contend that prejudice should be understood in broadly political rather than in narrowly psychological terms. First, what counts as prejudice is a political judgement. Second, studies of collective action demonstrate that it is in “political” struggles, where subordinate groups together oppose dominant groups, that prejudice can be overcome. PB Cambridge University Press SN 0140-525X LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42784/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X12001173 RT Book, Section SR 00 A1 Drury, John A1 Reicher, Steve A1 Stott, Clifford T1 The psychology of collective action: crowds and change YR 2012 FD 2012 A2 Wagoner, Brady A2 Jensen, Eric A2 Oldmeadow, Julian A T2 Culture and social change: transforming society through the power of ideas PB Information Age Publishing PP Charlotte, N.C. T3 Advances in cultural psychology SN 9781617357589 AV Published LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/14001/ RT Book, Section SR 00 A1 Drury, John A1 Reicher, Steve A1 Stott, Clifford T1 The psychology of collective action: crowds and change YR 2012 FD 2012-07-15 SP 19 OP 38 AB Crowd events are sites of both social determination and social-psychological change. On the one hand, the form of crowd behavior is a function of the culturally and historically given norms and values of crowd participants. On the other hand, crowd events can be psychologically and socially transformative: they can change the very culture from which they took their meaning. In this chapter we argue that most models of crowd behavior deny and hence are incapable of explaining either social determination or change. We describe the elaborated social identity model (ESIM) of crowd action, which we suggest has at its core a concept of self or identity adequate to explaining the dynamics of cultural reproduction and change in crowd events. A2 Wagoner, Brady A2 Jensen, Eric A2 Oldmeadow, Julian A T2 Culture and social change: transforming society through the power of ideas PB Information Age Publishing PP Charlotte, NC T3 Advances in Cultural Psychology SN 9781617357589 AV Published LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41625/ UL http://www.infoagepub.com/products/Culture-and-Social-Change RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1097/YCO.0b013e328353eea6 A1 Drury, John A1 Williams, Richard T1 Children and young people who are refugees, internally displaced persons or victims or perpetrators of war, mass violence and terrorism JF Current Opinion in Psychiatry YR 2012 FD 2012-07-01 VO 25 IS 4 SP 277 OP 284 AB Purpose of review: This article draws upon articles published since 2009 to identify research evidence about the psychosocial aspects of children and young people’s responses to their exposure to war, collective violence and terrorism. Recent findings: Recent research describes children’s distress and the disorders they may develop consequent on their direct and indirect exposure to war. This article covers general responses as well as those that affect refugees, displaced children, and child soldiers. Dose of exposure is the main predictor of their degree of distress. Often, loss of parental support predicts distress or disorder. Research on children who are refugees and internally displaced persons has found that they cope better with the distressing events surrounding their flight if their parents accompany them. Studies of child soldiers show that they suffer from guilt as well as experiencing many violent distressing events. Research has identified the factors that contribute to their resilience, which include their acceptance by the communities to which they return. There are personal and social sources of resilience, including emotion regulation, parenting, and social support, for children who are exposed to war. Summary: Much of the recent research confirms earlier findings, which demonstrate that their exposure to war and collective violence leads to distress for many children and/or mental disorders for a smaller but substantial minority of them. The literature shows interest in identifying and measuring protective factors. The emphasis in the articles we reviewed on social as well as personal factors that confer psychosocial resilience reflects the broad interest in the two canons of literature on children’s development and disasters. The findings point powerfully to people’s needs for holistic and community-level interventions. Keywords posttraumatic stress, psychosocial response, resilience, violence, war PB Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins SN 0951-7367 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39970/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e328353eea6 RT Book, Section SR 00 A1 Dyson, Benjamin J T1 Practice, expertise, and aging YR 2012 FD 2012 SP 583 A2 Whitbourne, Susan Krauss A2 Sliwinski, Martin J T2 The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of adulthood and aging PB Wiley T3 Blackwell handbooks of developmental psychology SN 9781444331479 AV Published LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/52151/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1080/17588928.2012.689961 A1 Dyson, Benjamin J A1 Alain, Claude T1 Task, time and context as potential mediators of repetition priming effects JF Cognitive Neuroscience YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 3 IS 3-4 SP 248 OP 249 AB In apparent conflict with the synchronicity model, we consider three types of evidence from the auditory literature (negative priming, perceptual learning, sensory gating) that reveal stimulus repetition can be associated with decreased rather than increased early evoked responses. The difficulty with consolidating a wide range of tasks in adjudicating between theories of repetition priming might be because the potentially critical roles of task, time and context are neglected. PB Taylor & Francis SN 1758-8928 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/52082/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2012.689961 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1177/0146167212444614 A1 Easterbrook, Matt A1 Vignoles, Vivian L T1 Different groups, different motives: identity motives underlying changes in identification with novel groups JF Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin YR 2012 FD 2012-08 VO 38 IS 8 SP 1066 OP 1080 AB Social identification is known to have wide-reaching implications, but theorists disagree about the underlying motives. Integrating motivated identity construction theory with recent social identity research, the authors predicted which motives underlie identification with two types of groups: interpersonal networks and social categories. In a five-wave longitudinal study of social identity processes among 268 new university residents, multilevel analyses showed that motives involved in identity enactment processes--self-esteem, belonging, and efficacy--significantly predicted within-person changes in identification with flatmates (an interpersonal network group), whereas motives involved in identity definition processes--meaning, self-esteem, and distinctiveness--significantly predicted within-person changes in identification with halls of residence (an abstract social category). This article discusses implications for research into identity motives and social identity. PB Sage SN 1552-7433 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42599/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167212444614 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1038/mp.2011.132 A1 Eley, T C A1 Hudson, J L A1 Creswell, C A1 Tropeano, M A1 Lester, K J A1 Cooper, P A1 Farmer, A A1 Lewis, C M A1 Lyneham, H J A1 Rapee, R M A1 Uher, R A1 Zavos, H M S A1 Collier, D A T1 Therapygenetics: the 5HTTLPR and response to psychological therapy. JF Molecular Psychiatry YR 2012 FD 2012-03 VO 17 IS 3 SP 236 OP 7 PB Nature Publishing Group SN 1359-4184 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/55716/ UL http://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2011.132 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.10.002 A1 Eriksson, Kimmo A1 Coultas, Julie C T1 The advantage of multiple cultural parents in the cultural transmission of stories JF Evolution and Human Behavior YR 2012 FD 2012-07 VO 33 IS 4 SP 251 OP 259 AB Recent mathematical modeling of repeated cultural transmission has shown that the rate at which culture is lost (due to imperfect transmission) will crucially depend on whether individuals receive transmissions from many cultural parents or only from one. However, the modeling assumptions leading up to this conclusion have so far not been empirically assessed. Here we do this for the special case of transmission chains where each individual either receives the same story twice from one cultural parent (and retransmits twice to a cultural child) or receives possibly different versions of the story from two cultural parents (and then retransmits to two cultural children). For this case, we first developed a more general mathematical model of cultural retention that takes into account the possibility of dependence of error rates between transmissions. In this model, under quite plausible assumptions, chains with two cultural parents will have superior retention of culture. This prediction was then tested in two experiments using both written and oral modes of transmission. In both cases, superior retention of culture was found in chains with two cultural parents. Estimation of model parameters indicated that error rates were not identical and independent between transmissions; instead, a primacy effect was suggested, such that the first transmission tends to have higher fidelity than the second transmission. PB Elsevier SN 1090-5138 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/44012/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.10.002 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1038/npp.2012.230 A1 Evans, Simon A1 Gray, Marcus A A1 Dowell, Nicholas A1 Tabet, Naji A1 Tofts, Paul S A1 King, Sarah A1 Rusted, Jennifer M T1 APOE E4 carriers show prospective memory enhancement under nicotine, and evidence for specialisation within medial BA10 JF Neuropsychopharmacology YR 2012 FD 2012-11-06 VO 38 IS 4 SP 655 OP 663 K1 Alzheimer’s Disease; Psychopharmacology; Imaging; Learning &Memory; Nicotine; APOE; Prospective memory AB There is evidence to suggest that the APOE ε4 allele (which confers an increased risk of developing dementia) might be associated with cognitive advantages earlier in life. Further, nicotine might selectively benefit ε4 carriers. We used fMRI to explore performance on a prospective memory (PM) task in young adults (age 18–30) with and without nicotine using a within-subjects design. Participants performed an ongoing task while retaining a PM instruction to respond to specific stimuli embedded in the task. Nicotine effects varied according to APOE status. Reaction times to the PM cue were improved under nicotine in ε4 carriers, but not in ε3 carriers. In an event-related analysis, extrastriate responses to PM trials were enhanced by nicotine only in ε4 carriers. These differences in early visual processing may contribute to the behavioural findings. Activity in medial BA10 (previously implicated in PM) differentiated ε4 from ε3 carriers. One BA10 subregion showed greater deactivation in ε4 carriers during PM trials. Activity in other BA10 subregions were modulated by PM reaction time, pointing to region-specific effects within medial BA10. In addition, activity in right hippocampal formation was only seen in ε4 carriers receiving nicotine. These results demonstrate that cognitive enhancement by nicotine can selectively benefit APOE ε4 carriers, and point to genotype-specific differences in neural activity during PM. In addition, these results show that the role of medial BA10 in PM likely involves varying contributions from functionally-specific subregions. NO Published online PB Nature Publishing Group SN 0893-133X LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42439/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2012.230 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1080/13554794.2010.547863 A1 Fernay, Louise A1 Reby, David A1 Ward, Jamie T1 Visualised voices: A case study of audio-visual synaesthesia JF Neurocase YR 2012 FD 2012-01-01 VO Jun 27 AB We report a single case study of a synesthete (PS) who has complex visual experiences from sounds, including human voices. Different vowel sounds from different speakers and modified to be of different pitch (f0) were presented to PS and controls who were asked to draw an (abstract) visual image of the sound noting colors, sizes, and locations. PS tended to be more consistent over time than controls. For both PS and controls, the pitch of the vowel influenced the choice of luminance (higher pitch being lighter) and vertical position (higher pitch being higher in space). However, the gender of the speaker influenced the size of the 'image' independently of pitch (vowels from males being larger). PB Taylor & Francis SN 1355-4794 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/13083/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2010.547863 RT Book, Whole SR 00 A1 Field, Andy A1 Miles, Jeremy A1 Field, Zoë T1 Discovering Statistics Using R YR 2012 FD 2012-03-22 SP 992 PB Sage Publications SN 978-1446200469 AV Published LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/38823/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1007/s10071-012-0536-4 A1 Forrester, Gillian S A1 Quaresmini, Caterina A1 Leavens, David A A1 Spiezio, Caterina A1 Vallortigara, Giorgio T1 Target animacy influences chimpanzee handedness JF Animal Cognition YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 15 IS 6 SP 1121 OP 1127 K1 Handedness; Animacy; Hemispheric specialization; Chimpanzee AB We employed a bottom-up, quantitative method to investigate the origins of great ape handedness. Our previous investigation of gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) demonstrated that contextual information influenced an individual’s handedness towards target objects. Specifically, we found a significant right-hand bias for unimanual actions directed towards inanimate target objects but not for actions directed to animate target objects (Forrester et al. 2011). Using the identical methodological technique, we investigated the spontaneous hand actions of nine captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) during naturalistic, spontaneous behavior. We assessed both the frequencies and proportions of lateralized hand actions directed towards animate and inanimate targets employing focal follow video sampling. Like the gorillas, the chimpanzees demonstrated a right-handed bias for actions directed towards inanimate targets, but not towards animate targets. This pattern was evident at the group level and for the majority of subjects at the individual level. We postulate that a right hand bias for only inanimate targets reflects the left hemisphere’s dominant neural processing capabilities for objects that have functional properties (inanimate objects). We further speculate that a population-level right hand bias is not a human-unique characteristic, but one that was inherited from a common human-ape ancestor. NO Online First version PB Springer-Verlag SN 1435-9448 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/40132/ UL http://www.springerlink.com/content/p1x05535625728n7/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1080/01690965.2011.606668 A1 Fossard, Marion A1 Garnham, Alan A1 Cowles, H Wind T1 Between anaphora and deixis...the resolution of the demonstrative noun-phrase ‘that N’ JF Language and Cognitive Processes YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 27 IS 9 SP 1385 OP 1404 K1 Demonstrative noun phrase, Anaphora, Deixis, Gender agreement AB Three experiments examined the hypothesis that the demonstrative noun phrase (NP) that N, as an anadeictic expression, preferentially refers to the less salient referent in a discourse representation when used anaphorically, whereas the anaphoric pronoun he or she preferentially refers to the highly-focused referent. The findings, from a sentence completion task and two reading time experiments that used gender to create ambiguous and unambiguous coreference, reveal that the demonstrative NP specifically orients processing toward a less salient referent when there is no gender cue discriminating between different possible referents. These findings show the importance of taking into account the discourse function of the anaphor itself and its influence on the process of searching for the referent. PB Psychology Press SN 1464-0732 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41723/ UL http://wwhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01690965.2011.606668w.psypress.com/journals/details/0169-0965/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1093/schbul/sbr019 A1 Fowler, David A1 Hodgekins, Joanne A1 Garety, Philippa A1 Freeman, Daniel A1 Kuipers, Elizabeth A1 Dunn, Graham A1 Smith, Ben A1 Bebbington, Paul E T1 Negative cognition, depressed mood, and paranoia: a longitudinal pathway analysis using structural equation modeling JF Schizophrenia Bulletin YR 2012 FD 2012-09 VO 38 IS 5 SP 1063 OP 1073 AB The role of negative cognition and effect in maintaining psychotic symptoms is increasingly recognized but has yet to be substantiated though longitudinal analysis. Based on an a priori theoretical model, we hypothesized that negative cognition and depressed mood play a direct causal role in maintaining paranoia in people with psychosis and that the effect of mood is mediated by negative cognition. We used data from the 301 patients in the Prevention of Relapse in Psychosis Trial of cognitive behavior therapy. They were recruited from consecutive Community Mental Health Team clients presenting with a recent relapse of psychosis. The teams were located in inner and outer London and the rural county of Norfolk, England. The study followed a longitudinal cohort design, with initial measures repeated at 3 and 12 months. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the direction of effect between negative cognition, depressed mood, and paranoia. Overall fit was ambiguous in some analyses and confounding by unidentified variables cannot be ruled out. Nevertheless, the most plausible models were those incorporating pathways from negative cognition and depressed mood to paranoid symptoms: There was no evidence whatsoever for pathways in the reverse direction. The link between depressed mood and paranoia appeared to be mediated by negative cognition. Our hypotheses were thus corroborated. This study provides evidence for the role of negative cognition in the maintenance of paranoia, a role of central relevance, both to the design of psychological interventions and to the conceptualizations of psychosis. PB Oxford University Press SN 1745-1701 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/46630/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr019 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1037/a0025333 A1 Franklin, Anna A1 Gibbons, Emily A1 Chittenden, Katie A1 Alvarez, James A1 Taylor, Chloe T1 Infant color preference for red is not selectively context specific JF Emotion YR 2012 FD 2012-10 VO 12 IS 5 SP 1155 OP 1160 AB It has been proposed that human infants, like nonhuman primates, respond favorably to red in hospitable contexts, yet unfavorably in hostile contexts (Maier, Barchfeld, Elliot, & Pekrun, 2009). Here, we replicate and extend the study (Maier et al., 2009) whose findings have been used to support this hypothesis. As in Maier et al., 1-year-old infants were shown a photograph of a happy or angry face before pairs of colors were presented, yet in the current study, the set of stimuli crucially included two colors that are typically preferred by infants (red and blue). The percentage of times that infants looked first at the colors was analyzed for the two emotional “contexts.” Following the happy face, infants looked first at red and blue equally, but significantly more than green. Following the angry face, the pattern of looking preference was the same as following the happy face, but the variation across the three colors was reduced. Contrary to Maier et al.'s hypothesis, there was no evidence that infants are selectively averse to red in angry contexts: following the angry face, “preference” for both red and blue was reduced, but was not significantly below chance. We therefore suggest an alternative account to Maier et al.'s evolutionary hypothesis, which argues that an angry face merely removes infant color preference, potentially due to the perceptual characteristics of the angry face disrupting infants' encoding of color. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) PB American Psychological Association SN 1528-3542 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/13331/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025333 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00475.x A1 Furtwängler, Nina A1 de Visser, Richard T1 Lack of international consensus in low risk drinking guidelines JF Drug and Alcohol Review YR 2012 FD 2012-06-05 VO 32 IS 1 SP 11 OP 18. AB Introduction and Aims: To encourage moderate alcohol consumption, many governments have developed guidelines for alcohol intake, guidelines for alcohol consumption during pregnancy, and legislation relating to blood alcohol limits when driving. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of international consensus within such guidelines. Design and Methods: Official definitions of standard and consumption guidelines were searched for on government websites, including all 27 European Union Member States and countries from all global geographic regions. Results: There was a remarkable lack of agreement about what constitutes harmful or excessive alcohol consumption on a daily basis, a weekly basis, and when driving, with no consensus about the ratios of consumption guidelines for men and women. Discussion and Conclusions: International consensus in low risk drinking guidelines is an important - and achievable - goal. Such agreement would facilitate consistent labelling of packaged products and could help to promote moderate alcohol consumption. However, there are some paradoxes related to alcohol content labelling and people’s use of such information: although clearer information could increase people’s capacity to monitor and regulate their alcohol consumption, not all drinkers are motivated to drink moderately or sensibly, and drinkers who intend to get drunk may use alcohol content labelling to select more alcoholic products. PB Taylor & Francis SN 0959-5236 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/49723/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00475.x RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1080/0163853X.2012.688184 A1 Garnham, Alan A1 Gabriel, Ute A1 Sarrasin, Oriane A1 Gygax, Pascal A1 Oakhill, Jane T1 Gender representation in different languages and grammatical marking on pronouns: when beauticians, musicians, and mechanics remain men JF Discourse Processes YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 49 IS 6 SP 481 OP 500 AB Gygax, Gabriel, Sarrasin, Oakhill, and Garnham (2008) showed that readers form a mental representation of gender that is based on grammatical gender in French and German (i.e., masculine supposedly interpretable as a generic form) but is based on stereotypical information in English. In this study, a modification of their stimulus material was used to examine the additional potential influence of pronouns. Across the three languages, pronouns differ in their grammatical gender marking: The English they is gender neutral, the French ils is masculine, and the German sie, although interpretable as generic, is morphologically feminine. Including a later pronominal reference to a group of people introduced by a plural role name significantly altered the masculine role name’s grammatical influence only in German, suggesting that grammatical cues that match (as in French) do not have a cumulative impact on the gender representation, whereas grammatical cues that mismatch (as in German) do counteract one another. These effects indicate that subtle morphological relations between forms actually used in a sentence and other forms have an immediate impact on language processing, although information about the other forms is not necessary for comprehension and may, in some cases, be detrimental to it. PB Taylor & Francis SN 1532-6950 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41724/ UL http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0163853X.2012.688184 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.joep.2011.12.008 A1 Garðarsdóttir, Ragna B A1 Dittmar, Helga T1 The relationship of materialism to debt and financial well-being: the case of Iceland’s perceived prosperity JF Journal of Economic Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-06-01 VO 33 IS 3 SP 471 OP 481 AB In Iceland, levels of debt had risen to an unprecedented extreme in the years prior to the country’s economic collapse in October 2008. This rise occurred in the context of a consumer culture highlighting supposed psychological benefits of consumer goods. This paper reports findings from two studies, conducted during an economic boom in Iceland, examining the association of materialism and indicators of financial well-being: amount of debt, financial worries, spending tendency, money-management skills and compulsive buying. Study 11 (N = 271) showed that people who endorse materialistic values have more financial worries, worse money-management skills and greater tendency towards compulsive buying and spending. Study 2 (N = 191) replicates the findings of Study 1 and further shows that amount of debt, including mortgage, can be directly linked to materialism, controlling for income and money-management skills. The research contributes to the psychology of materialism and overspending and provides an evidence-based foundation for designing interventions encouraging individuals to improve their financial well-being. PB Elsevier SN 0167-4870 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/66664/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.12.008 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1080/00224545.2012.657265 A1 Gausel, Nicolay A1 Brown, Rupert T1 Shame and guilt—do they really differ in their focus of evaluation? Wanting to change the self and behavior in response to ingroup immorality JF The Journal of Social Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 152 IS 5 SP 547 OP 567 AB Shame and guilt are often theorized to differ on a self versus behavior focus. However, we propose that this is not true when taking a group perspective. In our field study, 196 communal participants were confronted with historical ingroup immorality. Results showed that participants who were old enough to have understood what happened in that time-period felt more guilt and shame than did those who were too young. Partly due to their ingroup anger, shame motivated an intention to change the ingroup self and behavior. In contrast, partly due to personal anger, guilt motivated an intention to change personal self and behavior. This suggests that the distinction between shame and guilt are not as clear-cut as previous research have assumed. PB Taylor & Francis SN 0022-4545 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/52957/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2012.657265 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1037/a0027233 A1 Gausel, Nicolay A1 Leach, Colin Wayne A1 Vignoles, Vivian L. A1 Brown, Rupert T1 Defend or repair? Explaining responses to in-group moral failure by disentangling feelings of shame, rejection, and inferiority JF Journal of Personality and Social Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-05 VO 102 IS 5 SP 941 OP 960 AB Research on shame about in-group moral failure has yielded paradoxical results. In some studies, shame predicts self-defensive motivations to withdraw. In other studies, shame predicts pro-social motivations, such as restitution. We think that this paradox can be explained by disentangling the numerous appraisals and feelings subsumed under the label “shame.” In 2 studies, we asked community samples of Norwegians about their in-group's discrimination against the Tater minority. Confirmatory factor analysis validated the measures of the appraisals and feelings used in Study 1 ( N = 206) and Study 2 ( N = 173). In both studies, an appraisal of the in-group as suffering a moral defect best predicted felt shame, whereas an appraisal of concern for condemnation of the in-group best predicted felt rejection. In both studies, felt rejection best predicted self-defensive motivation, whereas felt shame best predicted pro-social motivation. Implications for conceptualizing and studying shame are discussed. PB American Psychological Association SN 0022-3514 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41316/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027233 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.017 A1 Gilaie-Dotan, Sharon A1 Harel, Assaf A1 Bentin, Shlomo A1 Kanai, Ryota A1 Rees, Geraint T1 Neuroanatomical correlates of visual car expertise JF NeuroImage YR 2012 FD 2012-08-01 VO 62 IS 1 SP 147 OP 153 AB Expertise in non-visual domains such as musical performance is associated with differences in gray matter volume of particular regions of the human brain. Whether this is also the case for expertise in visual object recognition is unknown. Here we tested whether individual variability in the ability to recognize car models, from novice performance to high level of expertise, is associated with specific structural changes in gray matter volume. We found that inter-individual variability in expertise with cars was significantly and selectively correlated with gray matter volume in prefrontal cortex. Inter-individual differences in the recognition of airplanes, that none of the participants had expertise with, were correlated with structural variability of regions bordering the visual cortex. These results highlight the role of prefrontal regions outside the visual cortex in accessing and processing visual knowledge about objects from the domain of expertise and suggest that expertise in visual object recognition may entail structural changes in regions associated with semantic knowledge. PB Elsevier SN 1095-9572 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43891/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.017 RT Dissertation/Thesis SR 00 A1 Goller, Aviva Idit T1 Perceptual abnormalities in amputees: phantom pain, mirror-touch synaesthesia and referred tactile sensations SP 191 AB It is often reported that after amputation people experience "a constant or inconstant... sensory ghost... faintly felt at time, but ready to be called up to [their] perception" (Mitchell, 1866). Perceptual abnormalities have been highlighted in amputees, such as sensations in the phantom when being stroked elsewhere (Ramachandran et al., 1992) or when observing someone in pain (Giummarra and Bradshaw, 2008). This thesis explored the perceptual changes that occur following amputation whist focusing on pain, vision and touch. A sample of over 100 amputees were recruited through the National Health Service. Despite finding no difference in phantom pain based on physical amputation details or nonpainful perceptual phenomena, results from Paper 1 indicated that phantom pain may be more intense, with sensations occurring more frequently, in amputees whose pain was triggerinduced. The survey in Paper 2 identified a group of amputees who in losing a limb acquired mirror-touch synaesthesia. Higher levels of empathy found in mirror-touch amputees might mean that some people are predisposed to develop synaesthesia, but that it takes sensory loss to bring dormant cross-sensory interactions into consciousness. Although the mirror-system may reach supra-threshold levels in some amputees, the experiments in Paper 3 suggested a relatively intact mirror-system in amputees overall. Specifically, in a task of apparent biological motion, amputees showed a similar, although weaker, pattern of results to normalbodied participants. The results of Paper 4 showed that tactile spatial acuity on the face was also largely not affected by amputation, as no difference was found between the sides ipsilateral and contralateral to the stump. In Paper 5 cross-modal cuing was used to investigate whether referred tactile sensations could prime a visually presented target in space occupied by the phantom limb. We conclude that perception is only moderately affected in most amputees, but that in some the sensory loss causes normally sub-threshold processing to enhance into conscious awareness. LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39679/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1098/rspb.2012.1430 A1 Goodbourn, Patrick T A1 Bosten, Jenny M A1 Hogg, Ruth E A1 Bargary, Gary A1 Lawrance-Owen, Adam J A1 Mollon, J D T1 Do different 'magnocellular tasks' probe the same neural substrate? JF Proceedings B: Biological Sciences YR 2012 FD 2012-09-10 VO 279 IS 1745 SP 4263 OP 71 AB The sensory abnormalities associated with disorders such as dyslexia, autism and schizophrenia have often been attributed to a generalized deficit in the visual magnocellular-dorsal stream and its auditory homologue. To probe magnocellular function, various psychophysical tasks are often employed that require the processing of rapidly changing stimuli. But is performance on these several tasks supported by a common substrate? To answer this question, we tested a cohort of 1060 individuals on four 'magnocellular tasks': detection of low-spatial-frequency gratings reversing in contrast at a high temporal frequency (so-called frequency-doubled gratings); detection of pulsed low-spatial-frequency gratings on a steady luminance pedestal; detection of coherent motion; and auditory discrimination of temporal order. Although all tasks showed test-retest reliability, only one pair shared more than 4 per cent of variance. Correlations within the set of 'magnocellular tasks' were similar to the correlations between those tasks and a 'non-magnocellular task', and there was little consistency between 'magnocellular deficit' groups comprising individuals with the lowest sensitivity for each task. Our results suggest that different 'magnocellular tasks' reflect different sources of variance, and thus are not general measures of 'magnocellular function'. PB Royal Society, The SN 0962-8452 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/52516/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1430 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.11.002 A1 Grist, Rebecca M A1 Field, Andy P T1 The mediating effect of cognitive development on children's worry elaboration JF Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry YR 2012 FD 2012-06 VO 43 IS 2 SP 801 OP 807 AB The present study investigated how developmentally determined cognitive mechanisms, holding theoretical links to the worry process, mediate the relationship between Age and Worry Elaboration in children. Sixty-four children aged 3–7 (M = 5.58, SD = 1.28) were presented with a Conservation of Liquid task assessing their Cognitive Development (specifically Concrete Operational Skills), a false-belief task to measure possession of Belief–Desire Theory of Mind, and a task measuring the ability to acknowledge multiple possibilities. The ability to elaborate on potential negative outcomes was assessed using a Worry Elaboration task. Mediation analysis revealed that all three variables significantly mediated the relationship between Age and Worry Elaboration. A multiple mediation model is presented in which Concrete Operational Skills, Belief–Desire Theory of Mind and Multiple Possibilities understanding mediate the relationship between Age and Worry Elaboration. PB Elesevier SN 1873-7943 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41472/ UL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791611001224http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.11.002 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1371/journal.pone.0032377 A1 Habibi, Ruth A1 Khurana, Beena T1 Spontaneous gender categorization in masking and priming studies: key for distinguishing Jane from John Doe but not Madonna from Sinatra JF PLoS ONE YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 7 IS 2 SP e32377 AB Facial recognition is key to social interaction, however with unfamiliar faces only generic information, in the form of facial stereotypes such as gender and age is available. Therefore is generic information more prominent in unfamiliar versus familiar face processing? In order to address the question we tapped into two relatively disparate stages of face processing. At the early stages of encoding, we employed perceptual masking to reveal that only perception of unfamiliar face targets is affected by the gender of the facial masks. At the semantic end; using a priming paradigm, we found that while to-be-ignored unfamiliar faces prime lexical decisions to gender congruent stereotypic words, familiar faces do not. Our findings indicate that gender is a more salient dimension in unfamiliar relative to familiar face processing, both in early perceptual stages as well as later semantic stages of person construal SN 1932-6203 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42594/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032377 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1098/rspb.2012.1339 A1 Hagura, Nobuhiro A1 Kanai, Ryota A1 Orgs, Guido A1 Haggard, Patrick T1 Ready steady slow: action preparation slows the subjective passage of time JF Proceedings B: Biological Sciences YR 2012 FD 2012-11-07 VO 279 IS 1746 SP 4399 OP 4406 AB Professional ball game players report the feeling of the ball 'slowing-down' before hitting it. Because effective motor preparation is critical in achieving such expert motor performance, these anecdotal comments imply that the subjective passage of time may be influenced by preparation for action. Previous reports of temporal illusions associated with action generally emphasize compensation for suppressed sensory signals that accompany motor commands. Here, we show that the time is perceived slowed-down during preparation of a ballistic reaching movement before action, involving enhancement of sensory processing. Preparing for a reaching movement increased perceived duration of a visual stimulus. This effect was tightly linked to action preparation, because the amount of temporal dilation increased with the information about the upcoming movement. Furthermore, we showed a reduction of perceived frequency for flickering stimuli and an enhanced detection of rapidly presented letters during action preparation, suggesting increased temporal resolution of visual perception during action preparation. We propose that the temporal dilation during action preparation reflects the function of the brain to maximize the capacity of sensory information-acquisition prior to execution of a ballistic movement. This strategy might facilitate changing or inhibiting the planned action in response to last-minute changes in the external environment. PB Royal Society, The SN 1471-2954 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43886/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1339 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1017/S0954579412000703 A1 Harold, Gordon T A1 Elam, Kit K A1 Lewis, Gemma A1 Rice, Frances A1 Thapar, Anita T1 Interparental conflict, parent psychopathology, hostile parenting, and child antisocial behavior: examining the role of maternal versus paternal influences using a novel genetically sensitive research design JF Development and Psychopathology YR 2012 FD 2012-11 VO 24 IS 4 SP 1283 OP 1295 AB Past research has linked interparental conflict, parent psychopathology, hostile parenting, and externalizing behavior problems in childhood. However, few studies have examined these relationships while simultaneously allowing the contribution of common genetic factors underlying associations between family- and parent-level variables on child psychopathology to be controlled. Using the attributes of a genetically sensitive in vitro fertilization research design, the present study examined associations among interparental conflict, parents' antisocial behavior problems, parents' anxiety symptoms, and hostile parenting on children's antisocial behavior problems among genetically related and genetically unrelated mother-child and father-child groupings. Path analyses revealed that for genetically related mothers, interparental conflict and maternal antisocial behavior indirectly influenced child antisocial behavior through mother-to-child hostility. For genetically unrelated mothers, effects were apparent only for maternal antisocial behavior on child antisocial behavior through mother-to-child hostility. For both genetically related and genetically unrelated fathers and children, interparental conflict and paternal antisocial behavior influenced child antisocial behavior through father-to-child hostility. Effects of parental anxiety symptoms on child antisocial behavior were apparent only for genetically related mothers and children. Results are discussed with respect to the relative role of passive genotype-environment correlation as a possible confounding factor underlying family process influences on childhood psychopathology. © Cambridge University Press 2012. PB Cambridge University Press SN 0954-5794 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/55545/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000703 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1080/08870446.2011.649755 A1 Harris, Rachel A1 Ayers, Susan T1 What makes labour and birth traumatic? A survey of intrapartum 'hotspots' JF Psychology and Health YR 2012 FD 2012-01-01 VO 27 IS 10 SP 1166 OP 1177 AB Evidence suggests between 1% and 6% of women develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after childbirth. 'Hotspots' are moments of extreme distress during traumatising events that are implicated in symptoms of PTSD. This cross-sectional internet survey of hotspots examined (1) the content of intrapartum hotspots and (2) whether particular events, cognitions or emotions during hotspots are related to PTSD. Women (N = 675) who experienced a difficult or traumatic birth completed a questionnaire composed of a validated measure of PTSD, questions concerning the existence of hotspots, and a newly developed measure of emotions and cognitions during hotspots. The majority of women (67.4%) reported at least one hotspot during birth and 52.9% had re-experiencing symptoms of these hotspots. Women were more likely to have PTSD if hotspots involved fear and lack of control (odds ratio (OR) 1.30, 95% CI 1.17-1.43) or intrapartum dissociation (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.05-1.19). Risk of PTSD was higher if hotspots concerned interpersonal difficulties (OR 4.34, 95% CI 2.15-8.77) or obstetric complications (OR 3.35, 95% CI 1.64-6.87) compared to complications with the baby PB Taylor & Francis SN 0887-0446 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/13593/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.649755 RT Dissertation/Thesis SR 00 A1 Heaver, Becky T1 Psychophysiological indices of recognition memory SP 365 AB It has recently been found that during recognition memory tests participants’ pupils dilate more when they view old items compared to novel items. This thesis sought to replicate this novel ‘‘Pupil Old/New Effect’’ (PONE) and to determine its relationship to implicit and explicit mnemonic processes, the veracity of participants’ responses, and the analogous Event-Related Potential (ERP) old/new effect. Across 9 experiments, pupil-size was measured with a video-based eye-tracker during a variety of recognition tasks, and, in the case of Experiment 8, with concurrent Electroencephalography (EEG). The main findings of this thesis are that: - the PONE occurs in a standard explicit test of recognition memory but not in “implicit” tests of either perceptual fluency or artificial grammar learning; - the PONE is present even when participants are asked to give false behavioural answers in a malingering task, or are asked not to respond at all; - the PONE is present when attention is divided both at learning and during recognition; - the PONE is accompanied by a posterior ERP old/new effect; - the PONE does not occur when participants are asked to read previously encountered words without making a recognition decision; - the PONE does not occur if participants preload an “old/new” response; - the PONE is not enhanced by repetition during learning. These findings are discussed in the context of current models of recognition memory and other psychophysiological indices of mnemonic processes. It is argued that together these findings suggest that the increase in pupil-size which occurs when participants encounter previously studied items is not under conscious control and may reflect primarily recollective processes associated with recognition memory. LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39455/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.021 A1 Higuchi, S A1 Holle, H A1 Roberts, N A1 Eickhoff, S B A1 Vogt, S T1 Imitation and observational learning of hand actions: prefrontal involvement and connectivity JF NeuroImage YR 2012 FD 2012-01-16 VO 59 IS 2 SP 1668 OP 1683 AB The first aim of this event-related fMRI study was to identify the neural circuits involved in imitation learning. We used a rapid imitation task where participants directly imitated pictures of guitar chords. The results provide clear evidence for the involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, as well as the fronto-parietal mirror circuit (FPMC) during action imitation when the requirements for working memory are low. Connectivity analyses further indicated a robust connectivity between left prefrontal cortex and the components of the FPMC bilaterally. We conclude that a mechanism of automatic perception-action matching alone is insufficient to account for imitation learning. Rather, the motor representation of an observed, complex action, as provided by the FPMC, only serves as the 'raw material' for higher-order supervisory and monitoring operations associated with the prefrontal cortex. The second aim of this study was to assess whether these neural circuits are also recruited during observational practice (OP, without motor execution), or only during physical practice (PP). Whereas prefrontal cortex was not consistently activated in action observation across all participants, prefrontal activation intensities did predict the behavioural practice effects, thus indicating a crucial role of prefrontal cortex also in OP. In addition, whilst OP and PP produced similar activation intensities in the FPMC when assessed during action observation, during imitative execution, the practice-related activation decreases were significantly more pronounced for PP than for OP. This dissociation indicates a lack of execution-related resources in observationally practised actions. More specifically, we found neural efficiency effects in the right motor cingulate-basal ganglia circuit and the FPMC that were only observed after PP but not after OP. Finally, we confirmed that practice generally induced activation decreases in the FPMC during both action observation and imitation sessions and outline a framework explaining the discrepant findings in the literature. PB Elsevier SN 1053-8119 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/14445/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.021 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1073/pnas.1216160109 A1 Holle, Henning A1 Warne, Kimberley A1 Seth, Anil K A1 Critchley, Hugo D A1 Ward, Jamie T1 Neural basis of contagious itch and why some people are more prone to it JF Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences YR 2012 FD 2012-11-27 VO 109 IS 48 SP 19816 OP 18821 K1 HISTAMINE-INDUCED ITCH; PERCEPTUAL DIFFERENCE; ATOPIC-DERMATITIS; HUMAN FMRI; PAIN; SYSTEMS; PERSONALITY; AWARENESS; RESPONSES; EMPATHY AB Watching someone scratch himself can induce feelings of itchiness in the perceiver. This provides a unique opportunity to characterize the neural basis of subjective experiences of itch, independent of changes in peripheral inputs. In this study, we first established that the social contagion of itch is essentially a normative response (experienced by most people), and that the degree of contagion is related to trait differences in neuroticism (i.e., the tendency to experience negative emotions), but not to empathy. Watching video clips of someone scratching (relative to control videos of tapping) activated, as indicated by functional neuroimaging, many of the neural regions linked to the physical perception of itch, including anterior insular, primary somatosensory, and prefrontal (BA44) and premotor cortices. Moreover, activity in the left BA44, BA6, and primary somatosensory cortex was correlated with subjective ratings of itchiness, and the responsivity of the left BA44 reflected individual differences in neuroticism. Our findings highlight the central neural generation of the subjective experience of somatosensory perception in the absence of somatosensory stimulation. We speculate that the habitual activation of this central “itch matrix” may give rise to psychogenic itch disorders. PB National Academy of Sciences SN 0027-8424 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42720/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1216160109 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.appet.2012.05.006 A1 Jarvandi, Soghra A1 Booth, David A A1 Thibault, Louise T1 Reinforcement of anticipatory eating by short as well as long fasts JF Appetite YR 2012 FD 2012-10 VO 59 IS 2 SP 224 OP 227 AB Rats can learn to anticipate the omission of subsequent meals by increasing food intake. Our previous reports have analysed group means at each trial but that does not allow for rats learning at different speeds. This paper presents instead a rat-by-rat analysis of all the raw data from previous experiments. The re-analysis supports the published evidence that the capacity for reinforcement generated by withholding of food is greater after a longer fast than after a shorter fast, but that the learning is quicker after the shorter fast. The individualised analyses also extend the evidence that the pattern of learning, extinction and re-learning with shorter fasts is similar to that with longer fasts. These findings indicate that, contrary to our previous interpretation, a single learning mechanism can explain the effects of both durations of food deprivation. PB Elsevier SN 0195-6663 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/50735/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.05.006 RT Dissertation/Thesis SR 00 A1 Jonas, Clare T1 Effects of synaesthetic colour and space on cognition SP 242 AB A small proportion of the population experiences synaesthesia, in which a stimulus (the inducer) causes a percept (the concurrent) in its own sensory domain, and in another domain, or another sub-domain of the same sense. This thesis is concerned with synaesthesiae in which numbers and letters take on spatial locations or colours. In Paper 1, alphabet-form synaesthesia is investigated. The majority of alphabet forms belonging to native English speakers are straight, horizontal lines. Any breaks, gaps or direction changes tend to fall in line with the parsing of the Alphabet Song. Synaesthetes show greater inducer-concurrent consistency than controls; their spatial attention can also be cued by letters. In Paper 2, synaesthetes with alphabet forms and number forms took part in case or parity judgement tasks. Synaesthetes behave similarly to controls on the parity judgement tasks (i.e. both groups categorise small numbers more quickly with the left hand than the right hand). In the case judgement task neither group shows an equivalent effect for letters of the alphabet. Controls alone show a QWERTY effect, in which letters on the left of the keyboard are categorised more quickly with the left hand than the right hand. A large-scale study of letter-colour and number-colour synaesthesia in Paper 3 shows that correlations between letter frequency and saturation, alphabetical position and saturation, magnitude and luminance, magnitude and saturation are seen when luminance and saturation are considered as across-hue and within-hue variables. Papers 4 and 5 are concerned with synaesthetic bidirectionality, wherein concurrents can elicit implicit mental representations of their inducers. While no experiment in these papers shows evidence for bidirectionality, this may be due to the presentation of concurrent colours as graphemes instead of colour blocks. However, priming effects appear during a synaesthetic Stroop task when numbers are presented as digits, suggesting a stronger role for digits than other notations in number-colour synaesthesia. LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/7596/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1098/rspb.2011.1959 A1 Kanai, R A1 Bahrami, B A1 Roylance, R A1 Rees, G T1 Online social network size is reflected in human brain structure JF Proceedings B: Biological Sciences YR 2012 FD 2012-04-07 VO 279 IS 1732 SP 1327 OP 1334 AB The increasing ubiquity of web-based social networking services is a striking feature of modern human society. The degree to which individuals participate in these networks varies substantially for reasons that are unclear. Here, we show a biological basis for such variability by demonstrating that quantitative variation in the number of friends an individual declares on a web-based social networking service reliably predicted grey matter density in the right superior temporal sulcus, left middle temporal gyrus and entorhinal cortex. Such regions have been previously implicated in social perception and associative memory, respectively. We further show that variability in the size of such online friendship networks was significantly correlated with the size of more intimate real-world social groups. However, the brain regions we identified were specifically associated with online social network size, whereas the grey matter density of the amygdala was correlated both with online and real-world social network sizes. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the size of an individual's online social network is closely linked to focal brain structure implicated in social cognition. PB Royal Society, The SN 1471-2954 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43909/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1959 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.cub.2012.08.045 A1 Kanai, Ryota A1 Bahrami, Bahador A1 Duchaine, Brad A1 Janik, Agnieszka A1 Banissy, Michael J A1 Rees, Geraint T1 Brain structure links loneliness to social perception JF Current Biology YR 2012 FD 2012-10-23 VO 22 IS 20 SP 1975 OP 1979 AB Loneliness is the distressing feeling associated with the perceived absence of satisfying social relationships. Loneliness is increasingly prevalent in modern societies and has detrimental effects on health and happiness. Although situational threats to social relationships can transiently induce the emotion of loneliness, susceptibility to loneliness is a stable trait that varies across individuals [6-8] and is to some extent heritable. However, little is known about the neural processes associated with loneliness (but see [12-14]). Here, we hypothesized that individual differences in loneliness might be reflected in the structure of the brain regions associated with social processes. To test this hypothesis, we used voxel-based morphometry and showed that lonely individuals have less gray matter in the left posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS)--an area implicated in basic social perception. As this finding predicted, we further confirmed that loneliness was associated with difficulty in processing social cues. Although other sociopsychological factors such as social network size, anxiety, and empathy independently contributed to loneliness, only basic social perception skills mediated the association between the pSTS volume and loneliness. Taken together, our results suggest that basic social perceptual abilities play an important role in shaping an individual's loneliness. PB Elsevier SN 1879-0445 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43884/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.08.045 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00045 A1 Kanai, Ryota A1 Muggleton, Neil A1 Walsh, Vincent T1 Transcranial direct current stimulation of the frontal eye fields during pro- and antisaccade tasks JF Frontiers in Psychiatry YR 2012 FD 2012-05-10 VO 3 SP 45; 1 OP 10 AB Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been successfully applied to cortical areas such as the motor cortex and visual cortex. In the present study, we examined whether tDCS can reach and selectively modulate the excitability of the frontal eye field (FEF). In order to assess potential effects of tDCS, we measured saccade latency, landing point, and its variability in a simple prosaccade task and in an antisaccade task. In the prosaccade task, we found that anodal tDCS shortened the latency of saccades to a contralateral visual cue. However, cathodal tDCS did not show a significant modulation of saccade latency. In the antisaccade task, on the other hand, we found that the latency for ipisilateral antisaccades was prolonged during the stimulation, whereas anodal stimulation did not modulate the latency of antisaccades. In addition, anodal tDCS reduced the erroneous saccades toward the contralateral visual cue. These results in the antisaccade task suggest that tDCS modulates the function of FEF to suppress reflexive saccades to the contralateral visual cue. Both in the prosaccade and antisaccade tasks, we did not find any effect of tDCS on saccade landing point or its variability. Our present study is the first to show effects of tDCS over FEF and opens the possibility of applying tDCS for studying the functions of FEF in oculomotor and attentional performance. PB Frontiers Media SN 1664-0640 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43890/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00045 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.033 A1 Kanai, Ryota A1 Tsuchiya, Naotsugu T1 Qualia JF Current Biology YR 2012 FD 2012-05-22 VO 22 IS 10 SP R392 OP R396 AB Perhaps the most difficult biological question of all might be how and why electrochemical neuronal activity in the brain generates subjective conscious experience such as the redness of red or the painfulness of pain. Neuroscientists track how light impinging on the retina is transformed into electrical pulses (neuronal spikes), relayed through the visual thalamus to reach the visual cortex, and finally culminates in activity within speech-related areas causing us to say ‘red’. But how such experience as the redness of red emerges from the processing of sensory information is utterly mysterious. It is also unclear why these experiences possess phenomenal characteristics, which can be directly accessed only from the subject having the experience. This is called the ‘hard problem’ of consciousness as coined by the philosopher David Chalmers. The phenomenal aspect of consciousness or ‘what it is like’ character of subjective experience is called ‘qualia’; the singular form of the word is ‘quale’, from the Latin for ‘what sort’ or ‘what kind’. In this Primer, we provide an overview of the term ‘qualia’ and its conceptual issues, and how neurobiological approaches can contribute to clarify some of these issues. PB Elsevier SN 1879-0445 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43889/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.033 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1073/pnas.1121087109 A1 Karmiloff-Smith, Annette A1 D’Souza, Dean A1 Dekker, Tessa M A1 Van Herwegen, Jo A1 Xu, Fei A1 Rodic, Maja A1 Ansari, Daniel T1 Genetic and environmental vulnerabilities in children with neurodevelopmental disorders JF Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences YR 2012 FD 2012-10-08 VO 109 IS 2 SP 17261 OP 17265 AB One might expect that children with varying genetic mutations or children raised in low socioeconomic status environments would display different deficits. Although this expectation may hold for phenotypic outcomes in older children and adults, cross-syndrome comparisons in infancy reveal many common neural and sociocognitive deficits. The challenge is to track dynamic trajectories over developmental time rather than focus on end states like in adult neuropsychological studies. We contrast the developmental and adult approaches with examples from the cognitive and social domains, and we conclude that static models of adult brain lesions cannot be used to account for the dynamics of change in genetic and environmentally induced disorders in children. PB National Academy of Sciences SN 1091-6490 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/62176/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1121087109 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.03.009 A1 Kiyokawa, Sachiko A1 Dienes, Zoltán A1 Tanaka, Daisuke A1 Yamada, Ayumi A1 Crowe, Louise T1 Cross cultural differences in unconscious knowledge JF Cognition YR 2012 FD 2012-07 VO 124 IS 1 SP 16 OP 24 AB Previous studies have indicated cross cultural differences in conscious processes, such that Asians have a global preference and Westerners a more analytical one. We investigated whether these biases also apply to unconscious knowledge. In Experiment 1, Japanese and UK participants memorized strings of large (global) letters made out of small (local) letters. The strings constituted one sequence of letters at a global level and a different sequence at a local level. Implicit learning occurred at the global and not the local level for the Japanese but equally at both levels for the English. In Experiment 2, the Japanese preference for global over local processing persisted even when structure existed only at the local but not global level. In Experiment 3, Japanese and UK participants were asked to attend to just one of the levels, global or local. Now the cultural groups performed similarly, indicating that the bias largely reflects preference rather than ability (although the data left room for residual ability differences). In Experiment 4, the greater global advantage of Japanese rather English was confirmed for strings made of Japanese kana rather than Roman letters. That is, the cultural difference is not due to familiarity of the sequence elements. In sum, we show for the first time that cultural biases strongly affect the type of unconscious knowledge people acquire PB Elsevier SN 1873-7838 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42765/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.03.009 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1080/17405629.2012.707780 A1 Kouwenberg, Maartje A1 Rieffe, Carolien A1 Banerjee, Robin T1 Developmetrics a balanced and short Best Friend Index for children and young adolescents JF European Journal of Developmental Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-07-20 VO 10 IS 5 SP 634 OP 641 AB This study evaluated a short friendship questionnaire providing a balanced assessment of positive (e.g., support) and negative (e.g., jealousy) friendship features. In addition, associations with indices of adaptive functioning versus psychopathology were tested. The friendship questionnaire was presented to 548 typically developing children and young adolescents (M age = 11;01 years). Results confirmed validity and independence of the two friendship features, and showed that negative friendship features were uniquely associated with symptoms of psychopathology, whereas both positive and negative features were, in opposite directions, uniquely associated with aspects of socioemotional functioning. PB Taylor & Francis SN 1740-5629 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/55909/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.707780 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1038/nn.3232 A1 Koya, Eisuke A1 Cruz, Fabio C A1 Ator, Robert A1 Golden, Sam A A1 Hoffman, Alexander F A1 Lupica, Carl R A1 Hope, Bruce T T1 Silent synapses in selectively activated nucleus accumbens neurons following cocaine sensitization JF Nature Neuroscience YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 15 IS 11 SP 1556 OP 1562 AB Cocaine-induced alterations in synaptic glutamate function in nucleus accumbens are thought to mediate drug-related behaviors such as psychomotor sensitization. However, previous studies have examined global alterations in randomly selected accumbens neurons regardless of their activation state during cocaine-induced behavior. We recently found that a minority of strongly activated Fos-expressing accumbens neurons are necessary for cocaine-induced psychomotor sensitization, whereas the majority of accumbens neurons are less directly involved. We assessed synaptic alterations in these strongly activated accumbens neurons in Fos-GFP mice, which express a fusion protein of Fos and GFP in strongly activated neurons, and compared these alterations with those in surrounding non-activated neurons. Cocaine sensitization produced higher levels of 'silent synapses', which contained functional NMDA receptors and nonfunctional AMPA receptors only in GFP-positive neurons, 6–11 d after sensitization. Thus, distinct synaptic alterations are induced in the most strongly activated accumbens neurons that mediate psychomotor sensitization SN 1097-6256 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42445/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.3232 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1037/a0025489 A1 Ku, Lisbeth A1 Dittmar, Helga A1 Banerjee, Robin T1 Are materialistic teenagers less motivated to learn? Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from UK and Hong Kong JF Journal of Educational Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-02-01 VO 104 IS 1 SP 74 OP 86 AB Is materialism systematically related to teenagers' learning motivation as well as actual learning outcomes? The reported research tested a theoretical model of associations among materialism, achievement goals, and exam performance among teenagers. Study 1 tested the theoretical model in 4 groups of teenagers drawn from 2 different educational stages (Year 9 and Year 12) and two societies of different cultural heritage (United Kingdom and Hong Kong). Results supported the model that materialism was associated with lower intrinsic mastery goals, and higher extrinsic performance goals in all of the 4 groups. More important, 1-year longitudinal data from Hong Kong (Study 2) showed that a materialistic value orientation at an earlier time point explained decreases in mastery goals and increases in performance goals a year later. Furthermore, earlier endorsement of materialistic values also predicted later deterioration of school performance. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) PB American Psychological Association SN 0022-0663 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/13989/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025489 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1080/13506285.2012.655805 A1 Laurence, Sarah A1 Hole, Graham T1 Identity specific adaptation with composite faces JF Visual Cognition YR 2012 FD 2012-02-02 VO 20 IS 2 SP 109 OP 120 K1 Composite face effect; Face adaptation; Face recognition; Facial identity; Holistic processing AB A composite face, made from the top half of a celebrity face and the bottom half of an unfamiliar face, appears to be a single, “new” face (e.g., Young, Hellawell, & Hay, 1987). Composite faces were used within the face identity aftereffect (FIAE) paradigm, in which prolonged exposure to a face reduces sensitivity to it (adaptation). Adaptation occurred both with an intact face and with composites containing its upper half, but only when composites were explicitly recognized during the adaptation phase. Unrecognized composites produced no adaptation. These findings imply that the FIAE is a relatively high-level perceptual effect, given that identical stimuli either did or did not produce adaptation depending on whether or not they were recognized. They also suggest a perceptual locus for the “composite face effect”. PB Taylor & Francis SN 1350-6285 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/40298/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2012.655805 RT Book, Section SR 00 A1 Leavens, David A T1 Joint attention: twelve myths YR 2012 FD 2012-02-17 SP 43 OP 72 AB Humans have extraordinary capacities for manipulating the perceptual and conceptual foci of their social partners. Symbol-users extraordinaire, by virtue of shared symbolic codes, people moot, share, and collaboratively explore the entities of the universe, both physical and abstract, transcending the present moment and the present place. Humans sharing a common language can create joint universes of ratified histories, cosmologies (shared perspectives on humanity's place in the universe), and imaginary futures. As far as we know, this kind of communicative engagement is unique to our species. The learning of these symbolic codes begins in infancy, continues over the entirety of childhood, and extends over a lifetime. But at about the same age at which humans begin to speak, they also acquire practical, non-linguistic skills for coordinating their attention to ever more distant entities, in the here and now. These non-verbal skills take months to develop in our species; in western populations, children typically begin to follow pointing and to attract and re-direct the attention of their social partners to increasingly distant entities between 9 and 18 months of age. Many empirical studies support the contention that joint attention facilitates language acquisition in our species (e.g., Akhtar & Tomasello, 2000; Butterworth, 2003; Baldwin & Moses, 1996; Tomasello & Farrar, 1986). In recent decades, numerous researchers have posited that humans therefore have a species-unique adaptation for joint attention. The hypothesis of a human cognitive specialization for sharing attention is extremely popular in contemporary psychology, philosophy, and cognitive sciences. Numerous claims have been made in support of this view: (1) it has been alleged that after a year of age, human children point to change the contents of the minds of their social partners (Baron-Cohen, 1999), (2) human children allegedly point "altruistically" to inform others of the locations of objects (Liszkowski, Carpenter, Striano, & Tomasello, 2006), (3) human children allegedly point with a manifest acknowledgement of the mutuality of joint attention (Petitto, 1988), (4) pointing with the index finger has been alleged to be a universal human gesture (Butterworth, 2003; Povinelli & Davis, 1994; Povinelli, Bering, and Giambrone, 2003). Arguments for the human uniqueness of joint attention have looked to the behavior of our nearest living relatives, the great apes, and it has been variously claimed that (5) apes do not point, (6) apes do not point with their index fingers, (7) apes do not point with each other, (8) apes do not point to share attention, (9) apes do not point "altruistically" to inform others, (10) apes do not understand the communicative intentions of others, (11) apes do not acknowledge the mutuality of joint attention, and (12) apes do not point in their natural habitats. I will refute each of these 12 claims, which suffer from either conceptual naivete (Part 1) or from neglect of the totality of the empirical record (Part 2). First, I will demonstrate that claims for uniquely human socio-cognitive skills supporting joint attention suffer from experimenter bias in favor of humans. Secondly, I will review the empirical record, which unambiguously demonstrates that every component of joint attention that has been displayed by human infants has also been displayed by representatives of the great apes. Finally, I will suggest that joint attention is wholly explicable in apes and humans as a reflection of means-ends reasoning in all naturalistic and experimental contexts studied, to date. A2 Seemann, Axel T2 Joint attention: New developments in Psychology, Philosophy of Mind, and Social Neuroscience PB MIT Press PP Cambridge, Mass. SN 9780262016827 AV Published LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/13105/ RT Book, Section SR 00 A1 Leavens, David A T1 Pointing: contexts and instrumentality YR 2012 FD 2012-06-15 SP 181 OP 197 AB Although long heralded as a human species-unique gesture, pointing has now been demonstrated in numerous species of non-human animals. Many contemporary researchers argue that pointing for instrumental ends marks a different kind of psychological process from pointing to share attention as an end in itself. Thus, a large body of contemporary theory is built on presumptions about the hypothetical motivations underlying pointing. I will briefly outline some of the contexts and motivations in which humans point, and argue that virtually all human pointing can be interpreted in instrumental terms. If this is correct, then instrumentality, per se, cannot illuminate the evolutionary origins of joint attention. A2 Pika, Simone A2 Liebal, Katja T2 Developments in Primate Gesture Research ED 6 PB John Benjamins Publishing Company PP Amsterdam T3 Gesture Studies SN 9789027228482 AV Published LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39728/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1007/s10071-011-0466-6 A1 Leavens, David A A1 Ely, Jon A1 Hopkins, William D A1 Bard, Kim A T1 Effects of cage mesh on pointing: hand shapes in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) JF Animal Cognition YR 2012 FD 2012-05 VO 15 IS 3 SP 437 OP 441 K1 Hominoidea; gestures; communication; pointing AB It has been speculated that cage mesh exerts a shaping influence on reaching behavior by captive apes, which is then misconstrued as pointing by human observers. Although this notion is clearly falsified by the pointing of captive language-trained apes who point in the absence of intervening cage meshnevertheless, the degree to which cage mesh might influence pointing hand shapes by captive great apes in other housing environments remains relatively unexplored. We examined 259 pointing gestures displayed in archival footage from over 18 hours of observation by three non-language-trained chimpanzees housed at a biomedical research center. We coded points in relation to how close to the boundaries of the diamond-shaped cage mesh their points were displayed. We found that points with the whole hand were significantly more likely to be displayed away from the mesh boundaries, relative to points with the index finger or other single-digit points. However, points of each hand shape were displayed at each location, demonstrating that these physical parameters do not fully account for the number of fingers extended while pointing by chimpanzees. PB Springer Verlag SN 1435-9448 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/14901/ UL http://www.springerlink.com/content/qqu8070823115536/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1038/tp.2012.33 A1 Lester, K J A1 Hudson, J A1 Tropeano, M A1 Creswell, C A1 Collier, D A A1 Farmer, A A1 Lyneham, H J A1 Rapeee, R M A1 Eley, T C T1 Neurotrophic gene polymorphisms and response to psychological therapy. JF Translational Psychiatry YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 2 SP e108 AB Therapygenetics, the study of genetic determinants of response to psychological therapies, is in its infancy. Here, we investigate whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms in nerve growth factor (NGF) (rs6330) and brain-derived neutrotrophic factor (BDNF) (rs6265) genes predict the response to cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). Neurotrophic genes represent plausible candidate genes: they are implicated in synaptic plasticity, response to stress, and are widely expressed in brain areas involved in mood and cognition. Allelic variation at both loci has shown associations with anxiety-related phenotypes. A sample of 374 anxiety-disordered children with white European ancestry was recruited from clinics in Reading, UK, and in Sydney, Australia. Participants received manualised CBT treatment and DNA was collected from buccal cells using cheek swabs. Treatment response was assessed at post-treatment and follow-up time points. We report first evidence that children with one or more copies of the T allele of NGF rs6330 were significantly more likely to be free of their primary anxiety diagnosis at follow-up (OR = 0.60 (0.42-0.85), P = 0.005). These effects remained even when other clinically relevant covariates were accounted for (OR = 0.62 (0.41-0.92), P = 0.019). No significant associations were observed between BDNF rs6265 and response to psychological therapy. These findings demonstrate that knowledge of genetic markers has the potential to inform clinical treatment decisions for psychotherapeutic interventions. PB Nature Publishing Group SN 2158-3188 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/55729/ UL http://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.33 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1037/a0029711 A1 Lester, Kathryn A1 Field, Andy P A1 Cartwright-Hatton, Sam T1 Maternal anxiety and cognitive biases towards threat in their own and their child's environment JF Journal of Family Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-10 VO 26 IS 5 SP 756 OP 766 AB Cognitive biases are known to play an important role in anxiety. In this study we investigate whether maternal anxiety is associated with biases in interpretation, attention, and catastrophic processing about self-referent stimuli that may signal potential threat in the mother's own environment. We also investigate whether maternal anxiety is associated with biases about stimuli that their own child may encounter or to child-related stimuli more broadly. Three hundred mothers with a child aged 6 to 10 years participated. All participants completed a trait anxiety measure and an ambiguous sentences task to assess interpretation bias for self- and child-referent situations. A subset of the sample completed a catastrophizing interview about a self- (n = 194) or child-referent (n = 99) worry topic and an attentional dot-probe task (n = 99) with general threat and child threat stimuli. Maternal anxiety was not significantly associated with an attentional bias for general or child threat stimuli but was significantly associated with a bias for threat interpretations of both self and child-referent situations. Higher maternal anxiety was also significantly associated with generating more catastrophic outcomes to both a self-referent and child-referent hypothetical worry situation. We consider whether maternal cognitive biases, which extend to influence how mothers process potential threats in their child's world, may be an important mechanism through which intergenerational transmission of anxiety could occur. PB American Psychological Association SN 0893-3200 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/48233/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029711 RT Book, Section SR 00 ID 10.1007/978-1-4614-0415-6_9 A1 Leve, Leslie D A1 Chamberlain, Patricia A1 Smith, Dana K A1 Harold, Gordon T T1 Multidimensional treatment foster care as an intervention for juvenile justice girls in out-of-home care YR 2012 FD 2012-07-01 VO 978146 SP 147 OP 160 AB In the last decade, service providers are increasingly aware of the need for interventions to address the unique service challenges of girls referred from the juvenile justice system that male-oriented treatments are not particularly well-suited to address (see Part III). The focus of this chapter is on a family-based intervention, Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC; Chamberlain 2003), that was originally developed for males from juvenile justice as an alternative to group and residential care. During the last 15 years, MTFC was adapted to fit the treatment needs of girls and was tested in two continuously run randomized clinical trials. In this chapter, we present (a) an overview of the MTFC model, focusing on modifications made for girls; (b) a description of two studies focused on evaluating the efficacy of MTFC with girls in the juvenile justice system; and (c) a summary of results from the completed trials demonstrating the efficacy of MTFC as compared to treatment in group/residential care (representing services as usual for girls with severe delinquency referred from the juvenile justice system). A range of results are presented, including re-offending rates, time spent in locked settings, self-reported delinquency, and pregnancy rates. Clinical implications for the treatment and prevention of delinquency in girls are discussed. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012. All rights reserved. T2 Delinquent Girls: Contexts, Relationships, and Adaptation PB Springer New York SN 9781461404156 AV Published LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/55456/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0415-6_9 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02594.x A1 Leve, Leslie D A1 Harold, Gordon T A1 Chamberlain, Patricia A1 Landsverk, John A A1 Fisher, Philip A A1 Vostanis, Panos T1 Practitioner Review: children in foster care - vulnerabilities and evidence-based interventions that promote resilience processes JF Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines YR 2012 FD 2012-12 VO 53 IS 12 SP 1197 OP 1211 AB Background: An increasing number of children are placed in foster care (i.e., a kin or nonkin family home other than the biological parent) due to experiences of physical, sexual, emotional, or psychological abuse, and/or neglect. Children in foster care are at increased risk for a host of negative outcomes encompassing emotional, behavioral, neurobiological, and social realms. Methods: Areas of risk and vulnerability among foster children are described, including emotional and behavioral deficits, impaired neurobiological development, and social relationship deficits. Evidence suggesting the significance of family placement changes and prenatal exposure to substances as contributing mechanisms is presented. Based on a systematic search of the PsycINFO database (to March 2012), eight efficacious evidence-based interventions for foster families are summarized. Findings: Although the development of evidence-based interventions that improve outcomes for foster children has lagged behind the delivery of interventions in other service sectors (e.g., mental health and educational sectors), several interventions across childhood and adolescence offer promise. Service system constraints offer both challenges and opportunities for more routine implementation of evidence-based interventions. Conclusions: Given the increased likelihood of poor outcomes for foster children, increased efforts to understand the pathways to vulnerability and to implement interventions shown to be effective in remediating risks and improving outcomes for this population are indicated. Evaluation of efficacious interventions in countries outside of the United States is also needed. © 2012 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry © 2012 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health. PB Wiley-Blackwell SN 0021-9630 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/55538/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02594.x RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1080/1067828X.2012.700853 A1 Leve, Leslie D A1 Harold, Gordon T A1 van Ryzin, Mark J A1 Elam, Kit A1 Chamberlain, Patricia T1 Girls' tobacco and alcohol use during early adolescence: prediction from trajectories of depressive symptoms across two studies JF Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 21 IS 3 SP 254 OP 272 AB Associations between trajectories of depressive symptoms and subsequent tobacco and alcohol use were examined in two samples of girls assessed at age 11.5 (T1), 12.5 (T2), and 13.5 (T3). Two samples were examined to ascertain if there was generalizability of processes across risk levels and cultures. Study 1 comprised a United States-based sample of 100 girls in foster care; Study 2 comprised 264 girls in a United Kingdom community-based sample. Controlling for T1 aggression and T1 substance use, individual variation in intercept and slope of depressive symptoms was associated with tobacco use at T3 in both samples: greater intercept and increases in depressive symptoms increased the risk for T3 tobacco use. A similar pattern of associations was found for alcohol use in Study 1. The replicability of findings for the prediction of tobacco use from trajectories of depressive symptoms suggests potential benefit in identifying girls with elevated depressive symptoms for tobacco use prevention programs, prior to the transition to secondary school. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. PB Routledge SN 1067-828X LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/55551/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1067828X.2012.700853 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1162/jocn_a_00240 A1 Lewis, Gary J A1 Kanai, Ryota A1 Bates, Timothy C A1 Rees, Geraint T1 Moral values are associated with individual differences in regional brain volume JF Journal of cognitive neuroscience YR 2012 FD 2012-08 VO 24 IS 8 SP 1657 OP 1663 AB Moral sentiment has been hypothesized to reflect evolved adaptations to social living. If so, individual differences in moral values may relate to regional variation in brain structure. We tested this hypothesis in a sample of 70 young, healthy adults examining whether differences on two major dimensions of moral values were significantly associated with regional gray matter volume. The two clusters of moral values assessed were "individualizing" (values of harm/care and fairness) and "binding" (deference to authority, in-group loyalty, and purity/sanctity). Individualizing was positively associated with left dorsomedial pFC volume and negatively associated with bilateral precuneus volume. For binding, a significant positive association was found for bilateral subcallosal gyrus and a trend to significance for the left anterior insula volume. These findings demonstrate that variation in moral sentiment reflects individual differences in brain structure and suggest a biological basis for moral sentiment, distributed across multiple brain regions. PB Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press SN 1530-8898 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43892/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00240 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1007/s10519-011-9482-1 A1 Lewis, Gemma A1 Collishaw, Stephan A1 Harold, Gordon A1 Rice, Frances A1 Thapar, Anita T1 Maternal depression and child and adolescent depression symptoms: an exploratory test for moderation by CRHR1, FKBP5 and NR3C1 gene variants JF Behavior Genetics YR 2012 FD 2012-01 VO 42 IS 1 SP 121 OP 132 AB This study investigated moderation of the association between recurrent maternal depression and offspring depression symptoms by a selection of biologically relevant gene variants. 271 children/adolescents (aged 9.00 to 16.00 years) whose mothers had experienced at least two episodes of DSM-IV major depression and 165 controls (aged 12.25 to 16.67 years) drawn from a population-based twin register were used. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from three genes were genotyped in children. The genes were the Corticotropin Receptor Type 1 gene (CRHR1), the gene coding for the FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) and the Glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3c1) along with a haplotype formed by the SNPs in CRHR1. A significant association was found between recurrent maternal depression and depression symptoms in offspring. None of the SNPs were associated with offspring depression symptoms and associations did not differ according to the presence of recurrent maternal depression. However, caution is required due to a relatively small sample size. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. PB Springer New York SN 0001-8244 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/55557/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10519-011-9482-1 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1007/s10826-011-9468-x A1 Luke, Nikki A1 Banerjee, Robin T1 Maltreated children's social understanding and empathy: a preliminary exploration of foster carers' perspectives JF Journal of Child and Family Studies YR 2012 FD 2012-04 VO 21 IS 2 SP 237 OP 246 AB Previous research suggests that parental abuse and neglect can have adverse effects on children’s peer relationships and self-perceptions. Emerging theoretical and empirical work suggests that children’s social understanding and empathy could play a key role as mediators of these effects, but we have little knowledge about the viability of such a model in explaining the everyday experiences of children in care. Thus, in order to gain an in-depth insight into the potentiality of this conceptual model, a focus group and detailed semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with a total of 10 foster carers. First, a thematic analysis revealed that problematic self-perceptions and peer relationships were indeed commonplace. Crucially, in line with our theoretical model, carers readily identified children’s difficulties with social understanding and empathy as relevant explanations for their socio-emotional problems. Carers reported using a variety of strategies to help children, but expressed a need for a clearer training package of practical strategies that could be used to encourage social understanding and empathy in children, with the aim of improving their social relationships PB Springer SN 1062-1024 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/37345/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9468-x RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1007/S10826-011-9468-X A1 Luke, Nikki A1 Banerjee, Robin T1 Maltreated children’s social understanding and empathy: a preliminary exploration of foster carers’ perspectives JF Journal of Child and Family Studies YR 2012 FD 2012-04-01 VO 21 IS 2 SP 237 OP 246 AB Previous research suggests that parental abuse and neglect can have adverse effects on children’s peer relationships and self-perceptions. Emerging theoretical and empirical work suggests that children’s social understanding and empathy could play a key role as mediators of these effects, but we have little knowledge about the viability of such a model in explaining the everyday experiences of children in care. Thus, in order to gain an in-depth insight into the potentiality of this conceptual model, a focus group and detailed semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with a total of 10 foster carers. First, a thematic analysis revealed that problematic self-perceptions and peer relationships were indeed commonplace. Crucially, in line with our theoretical model, carers readily identified children’s difficulties with social understanding and empathy as relevant explanations for their socio-emotional problems. Carers reported using a variety of strategies to help children, but expressed a need for a clearer training package of practical strategies that could be used to encourage social understanding and empathy in children, with the aim of improving their social relationships. PB Springer SN 1062-1024 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42413/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10826-011-9468-X RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.002 A1 Mars, Becky A1 Collishaw, Stephan A1 Smith, Daniel A1 Thapar, Ajay A1 Potter, Robert A1 Sellers, Ruth A1 Harold, Gordon T A1 Craddock, Nicholas A1 Rice, Frances A1 Thapar, Anita T1 Offspring of parents with recurrent depression: which features of parent depression index risk for offspring psychopathology? JF Journal of Affective Disorders YR 2012 FD 2012-01 VO 136 IS 1-2 SP 44 OP 53 AB Background: Parental depression is associated with an increased risk of psychiatric disorder in offspring, although outcomes vary. At present relatively little is known about how differences in episode timing, severity, and course of recurrent depression relate to risk in children. The aim of this study was to consider the offspring of parents with recurrent depression and examine whether a recent episode of parental depression indexes risk for offspring psychopathology over and above these other parental depression features. Methods: Three hundred and thirty seven recurrently depressed parents and their offspring (aged 9-17) were interviewed as part of an ongoing study, the 'Early Prediction of Adolescent Depression Study'. The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment was used to assess two child outcomes; presence of a DSM-IV psychiatric disorder and number of DSM-IV child-rated depression symptoms. Results: Children whose parents had experienced a recent episode of depression reported significantly more depression symptoms, and odds of child psychiatric disorder were doubled relative to children whose parents had not experienced a recent episode of depression. Past severity of parental depression was also significantly associated with child depression symptoms. Limitations: Statistical analyses preclude causal conclusions pertaining to parental depression influences on offspring psychopathology; several features of parental depression were recalled retrospectively. Conclusions: This study suggests that particular features of parental depression, specifically past depression severity and presence of a recent episode, may be important indicators of risk for child psychiatric disorder and depressive symptoms. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. PB Elsevier SN 0165-0327 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/55555/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.002 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.03.002 A1 Matera, Camilla A1 Stefanile, Cristina A1 Brown, Rupert T1 Host culture adoption or intercultural contact? Comparing different acculturation conceptualizations and their effects on host members’ attitudes towards immigrants JF International Journal of Intercultural Relations YR 2012 FD 2012-07 VO 36 IS 4 SP 459 OP 471 AB The effects of the two dimensions underlying immigrants’ perceived acculturation strategies conceptualized respectively as Intercultural Contact or as host Culture Adoption were examined. Host members’ attitudes and perceptions of immigrants’ adjustment to the host society were assessed in two experimental studies (N = 251; N = 124). Participants were presented with a fictitious interview with an African immigrant whose generational Status, desire for Culture Maintenance and Intercultural Contact (Study 1) or host Culture Adoption (Study 2) were manipulated (2 × 2 × 2 design). Results showed that both perceived desire for contact and for culture adoption positively affected host members’ attitudes, and that the culture adoption–attitudes relationship was partially mediated by perceived threat. These effects were stronger than those attributable to perceived Culture Maintenance. The latter variable moderated the Desire for Contact but not the Desire for Culture Adoption main effect. Moreover, Contact and Culture Adoption and generational Status all influenced the way in which host members perceived immigrants’ sociocultural adjustment. We conclude that more similarities than differences exist between the Contact and the Culture Adoption frameworks, at least in terms of their effects on majority attitudes towards immigrants. PB Elsevier SN 0147-1767 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/52955/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.03.002 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1186/2044-7248-1-20 A1 McCrickerd, Keri A1 Chambers, Lucy A1 Brunstrom, Jeffery A1 Yeomans, Martin R T1 Subtle changes in the flavour and texture of a drink enhance expectations of satiety JF Flavour YR 2012 FD 2012-10-31 VO 1 IS 20 AB Background: The consumption of liquid calories has been implicated in the development of obesity and weight gain. Energy-containing drinks are often reported to have a weak satiety value: one explanation for this is that because of their fluid texture they are not expected to have much nutritional value. It is important to consider what features of these drinks can be manipulated to enhance their expected satiety value. Two studies investigated the perception of subtle changes in a drink’s viscosity, and the extent to which thick texture and creamy flavour contribute to the generation of satiety expectations. Participants in the first study rated the sensory characteristics of 16 fruit yogurt drinks of increasing viscosity. In study two, a new set of participants evaluated eight versions of the fruit yogurt drink, which varied in thick texture, creamy flavour and energy content, for sensory and hedonic characteristics and satiety expectations. Results: In study one, participants were able to perceive small changes in drink viscosity that were strongly related to the actual viscosity of the drinks. In study two, the thick versions of the drink were expected to be more filling and have a greater expected satiety value, independent of the drink’s actual energy content. A creamy flavour enhanced the extent to which the drink was expected to be filling, but did not affect its expected satiety. Conclusions: These results indicate that subtle manipulations of texture and creamy flavour can increase expectations that a fruit yogurt drink will be filling and suppress hunger, irrespective of the drink’s energy content. A thicker texture enhanced expectations of satiety to a greater extent than a creamier flavour, and may be one way to improve the anticipated satiating value of energy-containing beverages. PB BioMed Central SN 2044-7248 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/44142/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2044-7248-1-20 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1037/a0029872 A1 McMurray, Bob A1 Horst, Jessica S A1 Samuelson, Larissa K T1 Word learning as the interaction of online referent selection and slow associative learning JF Psychological Review YR 2012 FD 2012-10 VO 119 IS 4 SP 831 OP 877 AB Classic approaches to word learning emphasize referential ambiguity: In naming situations, a novel word could refer to many possible objects, properties, actions, and so forth. To solve this, researchers have posited constraints, and inference strategies, but assume that determining the referent of a novel word is isomorphic to learning. We present an alternative in which referent selection is an online process and independent of long-term learning. We illustrate this theoretical approach with a dynamic associative model in which referent selection emerges from real-time competition between referents and learning is associative (Hebbian). This model accounts for a range of findings including the differences in expressive and receptive vocabulary, cross-situational learning under high degrees of ambiguity, accelerating (vocabulary explosion) and decelerating (power law) learning, fast mapping by mutual exclusivity (and differences in bilinguals), improvements in familiar word recognition with development, and correlations between speed of processing and learning. Together it suggests that (a) association learning buttressed by dynamic competition can account for much of the literature; (b) familiar word recognition is subserved by the same processes that identify the referents of novel words (fast mapping); (c) online competition may allow the children to leverage information available in the task to augment performance despite slow learning; (d) in complex systems, associative learning is highly multifaceted; and (e) learning and referent selection, though logically distinct, can be subtly related. It suggests more sophisticated ways of describing the interaction between situation- and developmental-time processes and points to the need for considering such interactions as a primary determinant of development PB American Psychological Association SN 0033-295X LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42396/ UL http://search.proquest.com/psycarticles/docview/1114949475/fulltextPDF/13A646328513013930C/8?accountid=14182 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.concog.2011.12.001 A1 Mealor, Andy A1 Dienes, Zoltan T1 No-loss gambling shows the speed of the unconscious JF Consciousness and Cognition YR 2012 FD 2012-03-01 VO 21 IS 1 SP 228 OP 237 AB This paper investigates the time it takes unconscious vs. conscious knowledge to form by using an improved “no-loss gambling” method to measure awareness of knowing. Subjects could either bet on a transparently random process or on their grammaticality judgment in an artificial grammar learning task. A conflict in the literature is resolved concerning whether unconscious rather than conscious knowledge is especially fast or slow to form. When guessing (betting on a random process), accuracy was above chance and RTs were longer than when feeling confident (betting on the grammaticality decision). In a second experiment, short response deadlines only interfered with the quality of confident decisions (betting on grammaticality). When people are unaware of their knowledge, externally enforced decisions can be made rapidly with little decline in quality; but if given ample time, they await a metacognitive process to complete. The dissociation validates no-loss gambling as a measure of conscious awareness. PB Elsevier SN 1053-8100 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42212/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2011.12.001 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.concog.2012.03.001 A1 Mealor, Andy David A1 Dienes, Zoltan T1 Conscious and unconscious thought in artificial grammar learning JF Consciousness and Cognition YR 2012 FD 2012-06-01 VO 21 IS 2 SP 865 OP 874 AB Unconscious Thought Theory posits that a period of distraction after information acquisition leads to unconscious processing which enhances decision making relative to conscious deliberation or immediate choice (Dijksterhuis, 2004). Support thus far has been mixed. In the present study, artificial grammar learning was used in order to produce measurable amounts of conscious and unconscious knowledge. Intermediate phases were introduced between training and testing. Participants engaged in conscious deliberation of grammar rules, were distracted for the same period of time, or progressed immediately from training to testing. No differences in accuracy were found between intermediate phase groups acting on decisions made with meta-cognitive awareness (either feeling-based intuitive responding or conscious rule- or recollection-based responding). However, the accuracy of guess responses was significantly higher after distraction relative to immediate progression or conscious deliberation. The results suggest any beneficial effects of ‘unconscious thought’ may not always transfer to conscious awareness PB Elsevier SN 1053-8100 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42214/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2012.03.001 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.brat.2012.08.003 A1 Meeten, F A1 Dash, S R A1 Scarlet, A L S A1 Davey, G C L T1 Investigating the effect of intolerance of uncertainty on catastrophic worrying and mood JF Behaviour Research and Therapy YR 2012 FD 2012-11 VO 50 IS 11 SP 690 OP 698 AB Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a construct known to influence catastrophic worry and is often observed in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Research into the psychological manifestations of GAD suggests IU is associated with worry, but has not confirmed a causal link. The current study investigated the relationship between catastrophic worry and IU in a non-clinical undergraduate and postgraduate population (n 1⁄4 46), with a mean age of 26.8 (SD 1⁄4 5.52 years), where 71.74% were women. Participants received either a high or low IU manipulation, mood was measured throughout the study on 100 point visual analogue scales (VAS), and worry was measured using the catastrophising interview (CI). The high IU group generated significantly more catastrophising steps than the low IU group. Increased levels of sadness and anxiety were observed in the high as compared to the low IU group post IU manipulation, and this difference was maintained throughout the CI interview. A mediation analysis revealed that sadness and anxiety did not significantly mediate the relationship between IU and number of CI steps. These findings have implications for GAD treatment, as they suggest that manipulating IU affects measures of worry and its associated emotional and behavioural symptoms. PB Elsevier SN 1873-622X LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41377/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.08.003 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.beth.2011.08.005 A1 Meeten, Fran A1 Davey, Graham T1 Mood as input and perseverative worrying following the induction of discrete negative moods JF Behavior Therapy YR 2012 FD 2012-06 VO 43 IS 2 SP 393 OP 406 AB Previous research has demonstrated that a combination of negative mood and rigorous “as many as can” stop rules can be used to help explain a range of perseverative psy- chopathologies such as pathological worrying, compulsive checking, and depressive rumination (known as the mood-as-input hypothesis). The aim of the present study was to extend this work and examine whether specific emo- tions of the same valence will have similar or differential effects on task perseveration. The study experimentally induced discrete moods and manipulated task stop rules in an analog population. Results showed that perseveration at a worry-based interview task conformed to standard mood-as-input predictions in which perseveration was sig- nificantly greater when an “as many as can” stop rule was paired with a negative mood or a “feel like continuing” stop rule was paired with a positively valenced mood. The pattern of results revealed no significant inherent differences in processing depending on the type of discrete negative mood being experienced. These findings support a view of mood-as-input effects where overall valency is the important factor in determining perseveration. PB Elsevier SN 1878-1888 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41376/ UL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005789411001304 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1007/s00213-011-2534-7 A1 Meringolo, Maria A1 Brusadin, Valentina A1 De Luca, Maria T A1 Montanari, Christian A1 Montanari, Christian L A1 Antonilli, Letizia A1 Nencini, Paolo A1 Badiani, Aldo T1 Induction of morphine-6-glucuronide synthesis by heroin self-administration in the rat JF Psychopharmacology YR 2012 FD 2012-05 VO 221 IS 2 SP 195 OP 203 AB RATIONALE Heroin is rapidly metabolized to morphine that in turn is transformed into morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), an inactive metabolite at mu-opioid receptor (MOR), and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G), a potent MOR agonist. We have found that rats that had received repeated intraperitoneal injections of heroin exhibit measurable levels of M6G (which is usually undetectable in this species). OBJECTIVE The goal of the present study was to investigate whether M6G synthesis can be induced by intravenous (i.v.) heroin self-administration (SA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were trained to self-administer either heroin (50 μg/kg per infusion) or saline for 20 consecutive 6-h sessions and then challenged with an intraperitoneal challenge of 10 mg/kg of heroin. Plasma levels of heroin, morphine, 6-mono-acetyl morphine, M3G, and M6G were quantified 2 h after the challenge. In vitro morphine glucuronidation was studied in microsomal preparations obtained from the liver of the same rats. RESULTS Heroin SA induced the synthesis of M6G, as indicated by detectable plasma levels of M6G (89.7 ± 37.0 ng/ml vs. 7.35 ± 7.35 ng/ml after saline SA). Most important, the in vitro V (max) for M6G synthesis was correlated with plasma levels of M6G (r (2) = 0.78). Microsomal preparations from saline SA rats produced negligible amounts of M6G. CONCLUSION Both in vivo and in vitro data indicate that i.v. heroin SA induces the synthesis of M6G. These data are discussed in the light of previous studies conducted in heroin addicts indicating that in humans heroin enhances the synthesis of the active metabolite of heroin and morphine. PB Springer SN 1432-2072 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/57389/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2534-7 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.3109/09540261.2012.657613 A1 Michelson, Daniel A1 Bhugra, Dinesh T1 Family environment, expressed emotion and adolescent self-harm: a review of conceptual, empirical, cross-cultural and clinical perspectives JF International Review of Psychiatry YR 2012 FD 2012-04-20 VO 24 IS 2 SP 106 OP 114 AB Self-harm in young people is a complex and pervasive problem with a number of co-existing risk factors. Although research has implicated a range of family variables in understanding the onset, maintenance and prevention of adolescent self-harm, relatively little attention has been given to the expressed emotion (EE) construct. Based on a narrative review and synthesis of peer-reviewed literature up to and including 2011, this paper considers the conceptual background and empirical evidence for the role of family environment in the expression of adolescent self-harm, with a particular focus on EE. The clinical implications of this literature for working with young people and families from different cultures are also addressed. In summary, the surveyed research provides insufficient evidence for a direct causal link between family environment and adolescent self-harm, with questions raised about the temporal sequencing of measured variables, specificity of implicated family risk factors, and the nature and role of protective factors in families. Emerging evidence for an association between high EE and adolescent self-harm requires replication in well-controlled, prospective studies. There is also a lack of empirically-supported, family-based treatment modalities for adolescents who self-harm. Intervention strategies should be guided by personalised formulation, taking into account individual vulnerabilities, strengths and social contexts, as well as cultural norms for family environment. PB Taylor & Francis SN 0954-0261 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/79871/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2012.657613 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1371/journal.pone.0036929 A1 Molloy, Katharine A1 Moore, David R A1 Sohoglu, Ediz A1 Amitay, Sygal T1 Less is more: latent learning is maximized by shorter training sessions in auditory perceptual learning JF PLoS ONE YR 2012 FD 2012-05-14 VO 7 IS 5 SP e36929 AB Background: The time course and outcome of perceptual learning can be affected by the length and distribution of practice, but the training regimen parameters that govern these effects have received little systematic study in the auditory domain. We asked whether there was a minimum requirement on the number of trials within a training session for learning to occur, whether there was a maximum limit beyond which additional trials became ineffective, and whether multiple training sessions provided benefit over a single session. Methodology/Principal Findings: We investigated the efficacy of different regimens that varied in the distribution of practice across training sessions and in the overall amount of practice received on a frequency discrimination task. While learning was relatively robust to variations in regimen, the group with the shortest training sessions (~8 min) had significantly faster learning in early stages of training than groups with longer sessions. In later stages, the group with the longest training sessions (>1 hr) showed slower learning than the other groups, suggesting overtraining. Between-session improvements were inversely correlated with performance; they were largest at the start of training and reduced as training progressed. In a second experiment we found no additional longer-term improvement in performance, retention, or transfer of learning for a group that trained over 4 sessions (~4 hr in total) relative to a group that trained for a single session (~1 hr). However, the mechanisms of learning differed; the single-session group continued to improve in the days following cessation of training, whereas the multi-session group showed no further improvement once training had ceased. Conclusions/Significance: Shorter training sessions were advantageous because they allowed for more latent, between-session and post-training learning to emerge. These findings suggest that efficient regimens should use short training sessions, and optimized spacing between sessions. PB Public Library of Science SN 1932-6203 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/87162/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036929 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1136/bmj.e2233 A1 Morrison, Anthony P A1 French, Paul A1 Stewart, Suzanne L K A1 Birchwood, Max A1 Fowler, David A1 Gumley, Andrew I A1 Jones, Peter B A1 Bentall, Richard P A1 Lewis, Shôn W A1 Murray, Graham K A1 Patterson, Paul A1 Brunet, Kat A1 Conroy, Jennie A1 Parker, Sophie A1 Reilly, Tony A1 Byrne, Rory A1 Davies, Linda M A1 Dunn, Graham T1 Early detection and intervention evaluation for people at risk of psychosis: multisite randomised controlled trial JF BMJ YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 344 SP e2233 AB OBJECTIVE To determine whether cognitive therapy is effective in preventing the worsening of emerging psychotic symptoms experienced by help seeking young people deemed to be at risk for serious conditions such as schizophrenia. DESIGN Multisite single blind randomised controlled trial. SETTING Diverse services at five UK sites. PARTICIPANTS 288 participants aged 14-35 years (mean 20.74, SD 4.34 years) at high risk of psychosis: 144 were assigned to cognitive therapy plus monitoring of mental state and 144 to monitoring of mental state only. Participants were followed-up for a minimum of 12 months and a maximum of 24 months. INTERVENTION Cognitive therapy (up to 26 (mean 9.1) sessions over six months) plus monitoring of mental state compared with monitoring of mental state only. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome was scores on the comprehensive assessment of at risk mental states (CAARMS), which provides a dichotomous transition to psychosis score and ordinal scores for severity of psychotic symptoms and distress. Secondary outcomes included emotional dysfunction and quality of life. RESULTS Transition to psychosis based on intention to treat was analysed using discrete time survival models. Overall, the prevalence of transition was lower than expected (23/288; 8%), with no significant difference between the two groups (proportional odds ratio 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.32 to 1.68). Changes in severity of symptoms and distress, as well as secondary outcomes, were analysed using random effects regression (analysis of covariance) adjusted for site and baseline symptoms. Distress from psychotic symptoms did not differ (estimated difference at 12 months -3.00, 95% confidence interval -6.95 to 0.94) but their severity was significantly reduced in the group assigned to cognitive therapy (estimated between group effect size at 12 months -3.67, -6.71 to -0.64, P=0.018). CONCLUSIONS Cognitive therapy plus monitoring did not significantly reduce transition to psychosis or symptom related distress but reduced the severity of psychotic symptoms in young people at high risk. Most participants in both groups improved over time. The results have important implications for the at risk mental state concept. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN56283883. PB BMJ Publishing Group SN 1756-1833 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/46628/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e2233 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1177/0020764011408655 A1 Newell, Susan E A1 Harries, Priscilla A1 Ayers, Susan T1 Boredom proneness in a psychiatric inpatient population JF International Journal of Social Psychiatry YR 2012 FD 2012-09-01 VO 58 IS 5 SP 488 OP 495 AB Background: Boredom has been reported as a common experience for service users of acute psychiatric wards. It has been associated with negative mental and physical health. Research has yet to show what factors are associated with boredom proneness within the acute psychiatric population. Aims: (1) To investigate the distribution of boredom proneness in a population of mentally ill inpatients according to age, gender, diagnosis, Mental Health Act status and length of stay in hospital. (2) To test the hypothesis that boredom proneness is negatively correlated with autonomous activity levels. Method: Two self-report questionnaires were used with 55 inpatients of acute psychiatric wards: the Boredom Proneness Scale (Farmer & Sundberg, 1986) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Zigmond & Snaith, 1983). Questions were also asked about individuals’ activity engagement during their current admission. Data on age, gender, diagnosis, ethnicity, Mental Health Act status and length of stay were collected from case notes. Results and conclusions: The highest incidence of boredom proneness was in participants with depression. Those detained under the Mental Health Act appeared less boredom prone than those admitted voluntarily. Boredom proneness was not associated with age, gender or length of stay. There was an association between engagement in more autonomous activities and lower boredom proneness. PB SAGE Publications SN 0020-7640 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/13901/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764011408655 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1080/02699931.2011.592084 A1 Novin, Sheida A1 Banerjee, Robin A1 Rieffe, Carolien T1 Bicultural adolescents' anger regulation: in between two cultures? JF Cognition & Emotion YR 2012 FD 2012-10-01 VO 26 IS 4 SP 577 OP 586 AB This study explored the anger-regulation strategies of bicultural individuals who are brought up with two distinct cultures that might carry contradictory demands about how to regulate emotions. With a sample of 525 adolescents in the Netherlands and Morocco, we found that bicultural Moroccan-Dutch adolescents' anger regulation in response to hypothetical peer conflict were largely similar to those of their Dutch peers. In fact, both the Dutch and the Moroccan-Dutch adolescents' anger regulation differed in the same ways from the Moroccan group, with greater acting out and less calm verbalisation, reflection, and diversion in the former than in the latter. Additionally, our findings indicate that Moroccan-Dutch adolescents' identification with the Dutch as well as with the Moroccan culture is related to more anger verbalisation and less externalising anger regulation. These results are interpreted in light of the complex cultural position faced by bicultural adolescents PB Taylor & Francis SN 0269-9931 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42412/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2011.592084 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1038/npp.2012.77 A1 O'Daly, Owen G A1 Trick, Leanne A1 Scaife, Jess A1 Marshall, Jane A1 Ball, David A1 Phillips, Mary L A1 Williams, Stephen SC A1 Stephens, David N A1 Duka, Theodora T1 Withdrawal-associated increases and decreases in functional neural connectivity associated with altered emotional regulation in alcoholism JF Neuropsychopharmacology YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 37 IS 10 SP 2267 OP 2276 K1 fMRI; fearful facial expression; detoxification; amygdala; insula; prefrontal cortex AB Alcoholic patients who have undergone multiple detoxifications/relapses show altered processing of emotional signals. We performed functional magnetic resonance imaging during performance of implicit and explicit versions of a task in which subjects were presented with morphs of fearful facial emotional expressions. Participants were abstaining, multiply detoxified (MDTx; n=12) or singly detoxified patients (SDTx; n=17), and social drinker controls (n=31). Alcoholic patients were less able than controls to recognize fearful expressions, and showed lower activation in prefrontal areas, including orbitofrontal cortex and insula, which mediate emotional processing. The decrease in activation was greater in MDTx patients who also showed decreased connectivity between insula and prefrontal areas, and between amygdala and globus pallidus. In the explicit condition, the strength of connectivity between insula and areas involved in regulation of emotion (inferior frontal cortex and frontal pole) was negatively correlated with both the number of detoxifications and dependency (measured by the severity of alcohol dependency (SADQ) and control over drinking score (Impaired Control questionnaire, ICQ)). In contrast, increased connectivity was found between insula and the colliculus neuronal cluster, and between amygdala and stria terminalis bed nucleus. In the implicit condition, number of detoxifications and ICQ score correlated positively with connectivity between amygdala and prefrontal cortical areas involved in attentional and executive processes. Repeated episodes of detoxification from alcohol are associated with altered function both in fear perception pathways and in cortical modulation of emotions. Such changes may confer increased sensitivity to emotional stress and impaired social competence, contributing to relapse PB Nature SN 0893-133X LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41405/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2012.77 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1080/10888438.2010.529219 A1 Oakhill, Jane V A1 Cain, Kate T1 The precursors of reading ability in young readers: evidence from a four-year longitudinal study JF Scientific Studies of Reading YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 16 IS 2 SP 91 OP 121 AB We report a longitudinal study investigating the predictors of reading comprehension and word reading accuracy between the ages of 7 to 8 (UK Year 3) and 10 to 11 years (Year 6). We found that different skills predicted the development of each. Reading comprehension skill measured in Year 3 was a strong predictor of comprehension in Year 6; vocabulary and verbal IQ also made significant unique contributions to the prediction of comprehension ability across time. Three comprehension components (inference, comprehension monitoring, and knowledge and use of story structure) emerged as distinct predictors of reading comprehension in Year 6, even after the autoregressive effect of comprehension was controlled. For word reading accuracy, early measures of word reading accuracy and phonemic awareness predicted later performance PB Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. SN 1088-8438 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/14825/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2010.529219 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1037/a0029630 A1 Oldham, Mary A1 Kellett, Stephen A1 Miles, Eleanor A1 Sheeran, Paschal T1 Interventions to increase attendance at psychotherapy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials JF Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-10 VO 80 IS 5 SP 928 OP 939 AB Objective: Rates of nonattendance for psychotherapy hinder the effective delivery of evidence-based treatments. Although many strategies have been developed to increase attendance, the effectiveness of these strategies has not been quantified. Our aim in the present study was to undertake a meta-analysis of rigorously controlled studies to quantify the effects of interventions to promote psychotherapy attendance. Method: The inclusion criteria were that studies (a) concerned attendance at individual or group psychotherapy by adults, (b) used a randomized controlled trial design to test an attendance strategy, and (c) used an objective measure of attendance. Computerized literature searches and hand searching resulted in a total of 31 randomized controlled trials that involved 33 independent tests of strategies for reducing treatment refusal and premature termination (N = 4,422). Effect sizes from individual studies were meta-analyzed, and moderator analyses were conducted. Results: Interventions had a small-to-medium effect on attendance across studies (d+= .38). Interventions to reduce treatment refusal and premature termination were similarly effective (d+= .37 and .39, respectively). Choice of appointment time or therapist, motivational interventions, preparation for psychotherapy, informational interventions, attendance reminders, and case management were the most effective strategies. Diagnosis also moderated effect sizes; samples with a single diagnosis benefited more from attendance interventions compared to samples with a variety of diagnoses. Conclusions: Interventions to increase attendance at adult psychotherapy are moderately effective. However, relatively few studies met the strict study inclusion criteria. Further methodologically sound and theoretically informed interventions geared at increasing attendance are required. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) PB American Psychological Association SN 0022-006X LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/45357/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029630 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1002/imhj.21318 A1 Parfitt, Ylva A1 Ayers, Susan T1 Postnatal mental health and parenting: the importance of parental anger JF Infant Mental Health Journal YR 2012 FD 2012-07 VO 33 IS 4 SP 400 OP 410 AB Parents' postnatal mental health and subjective perceptions of their baby are likely to influence the quality of their relationship with their baby. To date, this has largely been examined in mothers; therefore, this study aimed to also explore this in both parents. Semistructured clinical interviews [The Birmingham Interview for Maternal Mental Health (BIMMH); Brockingon, Chandra et al., 2006] were carried out with 85 first-time parents. The BMMHI identifies disorders of anxiety, depression, PTSD, and parental anger. Sections of the BMMHI also elicit qualitative accounts of parenthood. These were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. Differences in the frequency of themes were examined for parents with or without mental health disorders or parental anger. Themes are reported for (a) baby characteristics, needs, and development; (b) parents' emotions, responses, coping strategies, and general parenthood; and (c) parent and baby relationship. Results indicated that both the presence of parental mental health problems and, more notably, parental anger were associated with more negative accounts of the self, the baby, and parenthood. This study provides insight into first-time parents' perceptions of early parenthood. Results especially highlight the need to consider parental experiences of anger in more detail for assessment and interventions in the early postpartum period PB Wiley-Blackwell SN 0163-9641 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/14156/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21318 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1037/a0028131 A1 Parris, Benjamin A A1 Dienes, Zoltan A1 Hodgson, Timothy L T1 Temporal constraints of the word blindness posthypnotic suggestion on Stroop task performance JF Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance YR 2012 FD 2012-08 VO 38 IS 4 SP 833 OP 837 AB The present work investigated possible temporal constraints on the posthypnotic word blindness suggestion effect. In a completely within-subjects and counterbalanced design 19 highly suggestible individuals performed the Stroop task both with and without a posthypnotic suggestion that they would be unable to read the word dimension of the Stroop stimulus, both when response-stimulus interval (RSI) was short (500 ms) or equivalent to previous studies (3500 ms). The suggestion reduced Stroop interference in the short RSI condition (54 vs. 6 ms) but not in the long RSI condition (52 vs. 56 ms), and did not affect Stroop facilitation. Our results suggest that response to the suggestion involves reactive top-down control processes that persist only if levels of activation can be maintained. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) SN 1939-1277 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42766/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028131 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1080/08870446.2011.556251 A1 Pavey, Louisa J A1 Sparks, Paul T1 Autonomy and defensiveness: Experimentally increasing adaptive responses to health-risk information via priming and self-affirmation JF Psychology and Health YR 2012 FD 2012-03 VO 27 IS 3 SP 259 OP 276 AB Health information is often ineffective in motivating health-behaviour change. One way to improve information effectiveness might be to highlight autonomy, which is associated with less defensiveness and more adaptive psychological functioning. Three studies assessed whether experimentally elevating autonomy led to adaptive responses to risk information about alcohol consumption. In Study 1 (N = 104), participants completed either an autonomy prime or a neutral prime task and read either risk information about the dangers of alcohol consumption or neutral information. Among high-risk participants in the autonomy prime condition, those who read risk information reported greater autonomous motivation towards moderate alcohol consumption than did those in the neutral information condition. Study 2 (N = 157) compared two types of autonomy prime tasks with a neutral condition. For high-risk participants who read risk information, the autonomy prime tasks elicited greater autonomous motivation, more positive attitudes and greater intentions to drink in moderation than did the neutral prime task. Study 3 (N = 130) found that for high-risk participants who read risk information, autonomy prime participants reported less subsequent alcohol consumption than did neutral prime participants. The results are discussed in terms of the benefits of autonomy for adaptive responses to risk information. PB Taylor & Francis SN 0887-0446 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/38810/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.556251 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1177/0146167211435940 A1 Pavey, Louisa Jane A1 Greitemeyer, Tobias A1 Sparks, Paul T1 “I help because I want to, not because you tell me to”: empathy increases autonomously motivated helping JF Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin YR 2012 FD 2012-05 VO 38 IS 5 SP 681 OP 689 AB Empathetic arousal has been found to be a strong predictor of helping behavior. However, research has neglected the motivational mechanisms whereby empathetic concern elicits help giving. Three studies examined the extent to which autonomous and controlled motives for helping mediated the relationship between empathy and helping. Study 1 found that state empathy predicted willingness to offer time and money to help a person in need, with this relationship mediated by autonomous motivation for helping. Study 2 demonstrated that dispositional, empathetic concern predicted prosocial intentions and behavior via the mediation of autonomous motivation. Study 3 revealed that participants who focused on the emotions of another person in distress reported greater willingness to help than did participants who remained emotionally detached, with this effect mediated by autonomous motivation to help. Controlled motivation had no positive effects on helping in any of the studies. The results suggest that empathy encourages prosocial behavior by increasing autonomous motivation to help. PB SAGE Publications SN 0146-1672 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39748/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167211435940 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2011.00758.x A1 Peña-Oliver, Y A1 Buchman, V L A1 Dalley, J W A1 Robbins, T W A1 Schumann, G A1 Ripley, Tamzin A1 King, S L A1 Stephens, D N T1 Deletion of alpha-synuclein decreases impulsivity in mice JF Genes, Brain and Behavior YR 2012 FD 2012-03 VO 11 IS 2 SP 137 OP 146 AB The presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein, associated with Parkinson's Disease (PD), plays a role in dopaminergic neurotransmission and is implicated in impulse control disorders (ICDs) such as drug addiction. In this study we investigated a potential causal relationship between alpha-synuclein and impulsivity, by evaluating differences in motor impulsivity in the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) in strains of mice that differ in the expression of the alpha-synuclein gene. C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice differ from their C57BL/6J ancestors in possessing a chromosomal deletion resulting in the loss of two genes, snca, encoding alpha-synuclein, and mmrn1, encoding multimerin-1. C57BL/6J mice displayed higher impulsivity (more premature responding) than C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice when the pre-stimulus waiting interval was increased in the 5-CSRTT. In order to ensure that the reduced impulsivity was indeed related to snca, and not adjacent gene deletion, wild type (WT) and mice with targeted deletion of alpha-synuclein (KO) were tested in the 5-CSRTT. Similarly, WT mice were more impulsive than mice with targeted deletion of alpha-synuclein. Interrogation of our ongoing analysis of impulsivity in BXD recombinant inbred mouse lines revealed an association of impulsive responding with levels of alpha-synuclein expression in hippocampus. Expression of beta- and gamma-synuclein, members of the synuclein family that may substitute for alpha-synuclein following its deletion, revealed no differential compensations among the mouse strains. These findings suggest that alpha-synuclein may contribute to impulsivity and potentially, to ICDs which arise in some PD patients treated with dopaminergic medication. PB Blackwell Publishing SN 1601-1848 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39439/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2011.00758.x RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02536.x A1 Pike, Alison T1 Commentary: are siblings birds of a feather? - reflections on Jenkins et al. (2012) JF The Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry YR 2012 FD 2012-06 VO 53 IS 6 SP 630 OP 631 PB Wiley-Blackwell SN 0021-9630 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42069/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.3233/DEV-2012-11087 A1 Pike, Alison T1 The importance of behavioural genetics for developmental science. JF International Journal of Developmental Science YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 6 IS 1-2 SP 13 OP 15 PB IOS Press SN 2192-001X LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42071/ RT Dissertation/Thesis SR 00 A1 Proops, Leanne T1 Social cognition in domestic horses (Equus caballus) SP 261 AB The social intelligence hypothesis states that the main selection pressures driving increases in brain-to-body ratio are social rather than ecological. The domestic horse is an ideal animal to study within this framework because horses possess rich social lives but inhabit simple ecological environments. Here I assess the abilities of horses within two broad areas of social cognition; the classification of, and the use of information obtained from, social partners. In Section One I demonstrate that horses are capable of cross-modal individual recognition of conspecifics, an ability not previously demonstrated conclusively outside of humans. This ability extends to identifying familiar human companions suggesting that recognition systems are highly plastic in the individuals they can encode. These results also provide the first insights into the brain mechanisms involved in this process by revealing a clear left hemisphere bias in discriminatory ability. In Section Two I investigate the extent to which horses are capable of reading human attentional and communicative cues. It has been suggested that this skill was selected for through the process of domestication, however there have been no systematic studies of domestic animals other than the domestic dog. I found that horses were indeed highly skilled at determining if people were paying attention to them. In contrast they tended to only use basic stimulus enhancement cues to choose a rewarded bucket. A further study of young horses indicated that the ability to detect human attention requires significant experience to develop fully whereas the ability to use stimulus enhancement cues in an object choice task appears to require far less (if any) experience to develop. Overall my thesis extends our knowledge of comparative social cognition and in particular our knowledge of social cognition in horses. Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate that horses do indeed possess some complex socio-cognitive skills. LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39665/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.03.012 A1 Proops, Leanne A1 Burden, Faith A1 Osthaus, Britta T1 Social relations in a mixed group of mules, ponies and donkeys reflect differences in equid type JF Behavioural Processes YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 90 IS 3 SP 337 OP 342 AB Donkeys and mules are frequently kept as companion animals for horses and ponies, with these different equids often being considered a homogenous group. However, the extent to which domestic equids form inter-specific bonds and display similar social behaviour when living in a mixed herd has not previously been studied. Here we compare the social organization of these three (sub)species when housed together, providing the first systematic analysis of how genetic hybridization is expressed in the social behaviour of mules. A group of 16 mules, donkeys and ponies was observed for 70 h and preferred associates, dominance rank and the linearity of the group's hierarchy was determined. The different equids formed distinct affiliative groups that were ordered in a linear hierarchy with ponies as the most dominant, mules in the middle ranks and donkeys in the lowest ranks. Within each equid subgroup, the strength of the hierarchy also varied. Thus in the present study, the three (sub)species displayed different social organization and levels of dominance and preferred to associate with animals of the same equid type, given the opportunity. These results suggest that different domestic equid (sub)species display variations in social behaviour that are likely to have a strong genetic basis. PB Elsevier SN 0376-6357 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/45550/ UL http://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2012.03.012 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1098/rspb.2012.0626 A1 Proops, Leanne A1 McComb, Karen T1 Cross-modal individual recognition in domestic horses (Equus caballus) extends to familiar humans JF Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences YR 2012 FD 2012-08-22 VO 279 IS 1741 SP 3131 OP 3138 AB It has recently been shown that some non-human animals can cross-modally recognize members of their own taxon. What is unclear is just how plastic this recognition system can be. In this study, we investigate whether an animal, the domestic horse, is capable of spontaneous cross-modal recognition of individuals from a morphologically very different species. We also provide the first insights into how cross-modal identity information is processed by examining whether there are hemispheric biases in this important social skill. In our preferential looking paradigm, subjects were presented with two people and playbacks of their voices to determine whether they were able to match the voice with the person. When presented with familiar handlers subjects could match the specific familiar person with the correct familiar voice. Horses were significantly better at performing the matching task when the congruent person was standing on their right, indicating marked hemispheric specialization (left hemisphere bias) in this ability. These results are the first to demonstrate that cross-modal recognition in animals can extend to individuals from phylogenetically very distant species. They also indicate that processes governed by the left hemisphere are central to the cross-modal matching of visual and auditory information from familiar individuals in a naturalistic setting. PB Royal Society SN 0962-8452 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/44420/ UL https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0626 RT Book, Section SR 00 A1 Racine, Timothy P A1 Wereha, Tyler J A1 Leavens, David A T1 Primates, motion and emotion: to what extent nonhuman primates are intersubjective and why YR 2012 FD 2012-03-01 SP 221 OP 242 AB Focussing on the capacity for joint attention and communication, we review research that demonstrates the important and often overlooked role that emotion and motion may play in intersubjectivity and consciousness of self and others. We discuss the source of the continuing belief that such skills are uniquely human and suggest that there are no good grounds to deny such capacities to the other great apes. We suggest that despite the recent resurgence of interest in intersubjectivity, emotion and the lived body, mainstream contemporary developmental and comparative theory may still be based on questionable assumptions about the relation between mind and behaviour and simplistic notions of mental and evolutionary causation. A2 Foolen, Ad A2 Lüdtke, Ulrike M A2 Zlatev, Jordan A2 Racine, Timothy P T2 Moving ourselves, moving others: motion and emotion in intersubjectivity, consciousness and language ED 6 PB John Benjamins Publishing Co PP Amsterdam T3 Consciousness & Emotion Book Series SN 978 90 272 4156 6 AV Published LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/13325/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.02.025 A1 Rawal, Adhip A1 Rice, Frances T1 Examining overgeneral autobiographical memory as a risk factor for adolescent depression JF Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry YR 2012 FD 2012-05 VO 51 IS 5 SP 518 OP 527 AB OBJECTIVE Identifying risk factors for adolescent depression is an important research aim. Overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM) is a feature of adolescent depression and a candidate cognitive risk factor for future depression. However, no study has ascertained whether OGM predicts the onset of adolescent depressive disorder. OGM was investigated as a predictor of depressive disorder and symptoms in a longitudinal study of high-risk adolescents. In addition, cross-sectional associations between OGM and current depression and OGM differences between depressed adolescents with different clinical outcomes were examined over time. METHOD A 1-year longitudinal study of adolescents at familial risk for depression (n = 277, 10-18 years old) was conducted. Autobiographical memory was assessed at baseline. Clinical interviews assessed diagnostic status at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS Currently depressed adolescents showed an OGM bias compared with adolescents with no disorder and those with anxiety or externalizing disorders. OGM to negative cues predicted the onset of depressive disorder and depressive symptoms at follow-up in adolescents free from depressive disorder at baseline. This effect was independent of the contribution of age, IQ, and baseline depressive symptoms. OGM did not predict onset of anxiety or externalizing disorders. Adolescents with depressive disorder at both assessments were not more overgeneral than adolescents who recovered from depressive disorder over the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS OGM to negative cues predicted the onset of depressive disorder (but not other disorders) and depressive symptoms over time in adolescents at familial risk for depression. Results are consistent with OGM as a risk factor for depression. PB Elsevier SN 1527-5418 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/46320/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.02.025 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1080/09658211.2012.683011 A1 Rawal, Adhip A1 Rice, Frances T1 A longitudinal study of processes predicting the specificity of autobiographical memory in the adolescent offspring of depressed parents JF Memory YR 2012 FD 2012-07 VO 20 IS 5 SP 518 OP 26 AB Deficits in specific autobiographical memory retrieval are closely associated with depression. The ability to retrieve specific autobiographical memories develops throughout childhood and adolescence and is associated with adolescent depression within and across time. Studying young samples before they first experience depression provides an approach for testing processes that underlie reduced autobiographical memory specificity. This study is the first to examine the longitudinal association of rumination and executive function with autobiographical memory specificity in a sample of adolescents at elevated risk for future depression. A total of 259 adolescents (aged between 10 and 18 years) completed the Autobiographical Memory Test at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Measures of rumination, executive function, and depressive symptoms were obtained at baseline. The interaction between rumination and executive function predicted autobiographical memory specificity over time. Whereas rumination in the context of low executive function predicted reduced specificity, this was not the case in the context of high executive function. The interaction between rumination and executive function was independent of the effects of age, gender, IQ, baseline levels of memory specificity, and depressive symptoms. PB Taylor & Francis SN 1464-0686 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/46324/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2012.683011 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1007/s10071-011-0451-0 A1 Reby, David A1 Charlton, Benjamin D T1 Attention grabbing in red deer sexual calls JF Animal Cognition YR 2012 FD 2012-03-01 VO 15 IS 2 SP 265 OP 270 AB Identifying the respective functions of distinct call types is an important step towards understanding the diversification of mammal vocal repertoires. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags give two distinct types of roars during the rut, termed 'common roars' and 'harsh roars'. This study tests the hypothesis that harsh roars function to raise and maintain female attention to calling males. To this end, we examined the response of female red deer to playback sequences of common roar bouts including a bout of harsh roars midway through the sequence. We found that females not only substantially increased their attention to the bout of harsh roars but also then maintained overall higher attention levels to subsequent common roar bouts. Our results suggest that the specific acoustic characteristics of male red deer harsh roar bouts may have evolved to engage and maintain the attention of female receivers during the breeding season. More generally, they indicate a possible evolutionary path for the diversification of male sexual vocal repertoires SN 1435-9448 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/14790/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-011-0451-0 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1037/a0029164 A1 Rhoades, Kimberly A A1 Leve, Leslie D A1 Harold, Gordon T A1 Mannering, Anne M A1 Neiderhiser, Jenae M A1 Shaw, Daniel S A1 Natsuaki, Misaki N A1 Reiss, David T1 Marital hostility and child sleep problems: direct and indirect associations via hostile parenting JF Journal of Family Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-08 VO 26 IS 4 SP 488 OP 498 AB The current study examined two family process predictors of parent-reported child sleep problems at 4.5 years in an adoption sample: marital hostility and hostile parenting. Participants were 361 linked triads of birth parents, adoptive parents, and adopted children. We examined direct and indirect pathways from marital hostility to child sleep problems via hostile parenting. Mothers' marital hostility at 9 months was associated with child sleep problems at 4.5 years. Fathers' marital hostility at 9 months evidenced an indirect effect on child sleep problems at 4.5 years via fathers' hostile parenting at 27 months. Findings were significant even after controlling for genetic influences on child sleep (i.e., birth parent internalizing disorders). The findings suggest targets for prevention and intervention programs that are potentially modifiable (e.g., hostile parenting, marital hostility), and inform theory by demonstrating that relations among marital hostility, hostile parenting, and child sleep problems are significant after accounting for genetic influences. © 2012 American Psychological Association. PB Wiley SN 0893-3200 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/55549/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029164 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1037/a0026838 A1 Richardson, Michelle A1 Abraham, Charles A1 Bond, Rod T1 Psychological correlates of university students' academic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis JF Psychological Bulletin YR 2012 FD 2012-03 VO 138 IS 2 SP 353 OP 387 AB A review of 13 years of research into antecedents of university students' grade point average (GPA) scores generated the following: a comprehensive, conceptual map of known correlates of tertiary GPA; assessment of the magnitude of average, weighted correlations with GPA; and tests of multivariate models of GPA correlates within and across research domains. A systematic search of PsycINFO and Web of Knowledge databases between 1997 and 2010 identified 7,167 English-language articles yielding 241 data sets, which reported on 50 conceptually distinct correlates of GPA, including 3 demographic factors and 5 traditional measures of cognitive capacity or prior academic performance. In addition, 42 non-intellective constructs were identified from 5 conceptually overlapping but distinct research domains: (a) personality traits, (b) motivational factors, (c) self-regulatory learning strategies, (d) students' approaches to learning, and (e) psychosocial contextual influences. We retrieved 1,105 independent correlations and analyzed data using hypothesis-driven, random-effects meta-analyses. Significant average, weighted correlations were found for 41 of 50 measures. Univariate analyses revealed that demographic and psychosocial contextual factors generated, at best, small correlations with GPA. Medium-sized correlations were observed for high school GPA, SAT, ACT, and A level scores. Three non-intellective constructs also showed medium-sized correlations with GPA: academic self-efficacy, grade goal, and effort regulation. A large correlation was observed for performance self-efficacy, which was the strongest correlate (of 50 measures) followed by high school GPA, ACT, and grade goal. Implications for future research, student assessment, and intervention design are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) PB American Psychological Association SN 1939-1455 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41927/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026838 RT Dissertation/Thesis SR 00 A1 Robins-Hobden, Sarah Louise T1 Sensory-specific satiety and repeated exposure to novel snack foods: short- and long-term changes in food pleasantness SP 253 AB Sensory-specific satiety (SSS) is a significantly greater pleasantness decline for a consumed (Eaten) food, than foods that are tasted but not consumed (Uneaten). SSS occurs during consumption, reaches optimal magnitude immediately afterwards, and returns to baseline within two to three hours. The phenomenon is dependent on the sensory properties, rather than the energy or macronutrient content of the food. To the extent that an Uneaten food shares similar sensory properties with the Eaten food, the Uneaten food may be subject to pleasantness decline: a transfer effect. Repeated exposure to a food stimulus may alter liking in the long-term, through mere exposure, monotony, and dietary learning paradigms resulting in an association between the novel target food and either a known food stimulus, or a consequence of consumption. Novel foods are more susceptible to these effects than familiar foods, for which learned associations may have already formed. Repeated consumption alone does not modulate SSS, but to date such studies have not tested novel foods. Through six experiments this research explores the influences of long-term pleasantness changes of novel foods and the number and type of Uneaten foods present during SSS testing, on the magnitude of SSS for snack foods. While no evidence of mere exposure or dietary learning was found, and in some instances experiments failed to induce SSS, these negative results are likely due to methodological, and sometimes procedural issues in the design and conduct of experimental testing. Findings revealed SSS to be vulnerable to a number of procedural and methodological factors, such as: portion size; baseline novelty and pleasantness ratings; hunger; perceived ambiguity of measurement scales; and expectations raised by the type and number of Uneaten foods present during testing LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42959/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1371/journal.pone.0045885 A1 Rohrmeier, Martin A1 Fu, Qiufang A1 Dienes, Zoltan T1 Implicit learning of recursive context-free grammars JF PLoS ONE YR 2012 FD 2012-10-19 VO 7 IS 10 SP e45885 AB Context-free grammars are fundamental for the description of linguistic syntax. However, most artificial grammar learning experiments have explored learning of simpler finite-state grammars, while studies exploring context-free grammars have not assessed awareness and implicitness. This paper explores the implicit learning of context-free grammars employing features of hierarchical organization, recursive embedding and long-distance dependencies. The grammars also featured the distinction between left- and right-branching structures, as well as between centre- and tail-embedding, both distinctions found in natural languages. People acquired unconscious knowledge of relations between grammatical classes even for dependencies over long distances, in ways that went beyond learning simpler relations (e.g. n-grams) between individual words. The structural distinctions drawn from linguistics also proved important as performance was greater for tail-embedding than centre-embedding structures. The results suggest the plausibility of implicit learning of complex context-free structures, which model some features of natural languages. They support the relevance of artificial grammar learning for probing mechanisms of language learning and challenge existing theories and computational models of implicit learning. PB Public Library of Science SN 1932-6203 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/47002/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045885 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1111/j.2044-835X.2011.02040.x A1 Rutland, Adam A1 Cameron, Lindsey A1 Jugert, Philipp A1 Nigbur, Dennis A1 Brown, Rupert A1 Watters, Charles A1 Hossain, Rosa A1 Landau, Anick A1 Le Touze, Dominique T1 Group identity and peer relations: a longitudinal study of group identity, perceived peer acceptance and friendships amongst ethnic minority English children JF British Journal of Developmental Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-06-30 VO 30 IS 2 SP 283 OP 302 AB This research examined whether peer relationships amongst ethnic minority status children reflect the social groups to which children belong and the degree to which they identify with these groups. A longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the influence of group identities (i.e., ethnic and national) on children's perceived peer acceptance and preference for same-ethnic friendships. Measures of ethnic and English identification, perceived peer acceptance, and friendship choice were administered to 207 south-Asian English children, aged between 5 and 11, at two time points 6 months apart. In line with predictions, longitudinal analysis showed that bicultural identification (i.e., higher ethnic and English identity) was related to higher perceived peer acceptance and less preference for same-ethnic friendships. Importantly, as hypothesized, this finding was limited to the older children with more advanced social-cognitive abilities. The results suggest that older children who adopted a bicultural identity were able to strategically ‘flag’ their multiple group identities, within their multicultural peer groups, to obtain acceptance amongst the maximum number of peers and show less preference for same-ethnic friendships. This study extends previous peer relations research, which has typically focused on individual social deficits or classroom norms, by showing that group identities influence peer relationships amongst ethnic minority status children PB British Psychological Society SN 0261-510X LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/14876/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.2011.02040.x RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1007/s00213-011-2560-5 A1 Sanchez-Roige, S A1 Peña-Oliver, Y A1 Stephens, D N T1 Measuring impulsivity in mice: the five-choice serial reaction time task JF Psychopharmacology YR 2012 FD 2012-01-01 VO 219 IS 2 SP 253 OP 270 AB RATIONALE Mice are useful tools for dissecting genetic and environmental factors in relation to the study of attention and impulsivity. The five-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT) paradigm has been well established in rats, but its transferability to mice is less well documented. OBJECTIVES This study aims to summarise the main results of the 5CSRTT in mice, with special focus on impulsivity. METHODS The 5CSRTT can be used to explore aspects of both attentional and inhibitory control mechanisms. RESULTS Different manipulations of the task parameters can lead to different results; adjusting the protocol as a function of the main variable of interest or the standardisation of the protocol to be applied to a large set of strains will be desirable. CONCLUSIONS The 5CSRTT has proven to be a useful tool to investigate impulsivity in mice. PB Springer Verlag SN 1432-2072 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/14276/ UL http://www.springerlink.com/content/6v0835t262784613/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.04.003 A1 Sandhu, Rajwant A1 Dyson, Benjamin J T1 Reevaluating visual and auditory dominance through task switching costs and congruency analyses JF Acta Psychologica YR 2012 FD 2012-06 VO 140 IS 2 SP 111 OP 118 AB Competition between the senses can lead to modality dominance, where one sense influences multi-modal processing to a greater degree than another. Modality dominance can be influenced by task demands, speeds of processing, contextual influence and practice. To resolve previous discrepancies in these factors, we assessed modality dominance in an audio-visual paradigm controlling for the first three factors while manipulating the fourth. Following a uni-modal task in which auditory and visual processing were equated, participants completed a pre-practice selective attention bimodal task in which the congruency relationship and task-relevant modality changed across trials. Participants were given practice in one modality prior to completing a post-practice selective attention bimodal task similar to the first. The effects of practice were non-specific as participants were speeded post-practice relative to pre-practice. Congruent stimuli relative to incongruent stimuli, also led to increased processing efficiency. RT data tended to reveal symmetric modality switching costs whereas the error rate data tended to reveal asymmetric modality switching costs in which switching from auditory to visual processing was particularly costly. The data suggest that when a number of safeguards are put in place to equate auditory and visual responding as far as possible, evidence for an auditory advantage can arise. PB Elsevier SN 0001-6918 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/52083/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.04.003 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1080/0361073X.2012.699364 A1 Schryer, Emily A1 Ross, Michael A1 St Jacques, Peggy A1 Levine, Brian A1 Fernandes, Myra T1 Emotional expressivity in older and younger adults' descriptions of personal memories JF Experimental Aging Research YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 38 IS 4 SP 345 OP 369 AB UNLABELLED BACKGROUND/STUDY CONTEXT: According to the socioemotional selectivity theory (SST; Mather & Carstensen, 2003, Psychological Sciences, 14, 409-415), aging is associated with greater motivation to regulate emotions. The authors propose that the language people use to describe personal memories provides an index of age differences in emotional self-regulation. METHODS In the present article, the authors reanalyzed three previously published studies in which older (aged 60-88) and younger (aged 17-33) participants described emotional and neutral memories from their recent and distant pasts. The authors analyzed the language of the memories using Pennebaker, Booth, and Francis's (2007) Linguistic Inquiry Word Count program (Austin, TX: LIWC Inc.), which calculates the percentage of positive and negative emotion words. RESULTS In Studies 1 and 2, older adults used more positive emotion words than did younger adults to describe their autobiographical memories from the recent past, particularly when these were of a neutral valence. In Study 3, older adults used more positive emotion words when describing more recent memories (from the past 5 years) but not when describing distant childhood or adolescent memories. CONCLUSION The authors suggest that these age differences in emotional expressivity support SST, and represent an as-yet unreported age difference that may stem from differences in motivation to regulate emotion. PB Taylor & Francis SN 0361-073X LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/52295/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2012.699364 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1073/pnas.1205828109 A1 Sharot, Tali A1 Kanai, Ryota A1 Marston, David A1 Korn, Christoph W A1 Rees, Geraint A1 Dolan, Raymond J T1 Selectively altering belief formation in the human brain JF Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences YR 2012 FD 2012-10-16 VO 109 IS 42 SP 17058 OP 62 AB Humans form beliefs asymmetrically; we tend to discount bad news but embrace good news. This reduced impact of unfavorable information on belief updating may have important societal implications, including the generation of financial market bubbles, ill preparedness in the face of natural disasters, and overly aggressive medical decisions. Here, we selectively improved people's tendency to incorporate bad news into their beliefs by disrupting the function of the left (but not right) inferior frontal gyrus using transcranial magnetic stimulation, thereby eliminating the engrained "good news/bad news effect." Our results provide an instance of how selective disruption of regional human brain function paradoxically enhances the ability to incorporate unfavorable information into beliefs of vulnerability. PB National Academy of Sciences SN 1091-6490 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43885/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1205828109 RT Dissertation/Thesis SR 00 A1 Sheikh Rohani, Saeid T1 Acquiring fear and threat related attentional biases through informational learning SP 284 AB Research has found that threat related attentional biases towards novel animals can be induced in children by giving threat information about the animals. Naturally occurring (i.e. non-induced) threat related attentional biases have also been found in both children and adults in the past research. The naturally occurring threat stimuli mainly include phobia stimuli and the threat stimuli that are assumed to have evolutionary roots (e.g., threatening facial expressions, and poisonous animals). In the present research, induced and naturally occurring threat related attentional biases were investigated and contrasted in children and adults. The participants' manual RTs and eye movements were measured in five experiments using the visual search paradigm to examine the attentional biases. The participating children, regardless of their trait anxiety scores, showed attentional bias toward angry faces as indexed by RT and eye movement measures. In the second and third experiments, children acquired fear of novel animals by listening to threat information about them. They later showed attentional bias to the newly feared stimuli: the presence of the animal's images interfered with detecting an irrelevant target, and the animal's images were detected faster than the control stimuli when presented as hidden targets in naturalistic scenes. In the fourth and fifth experiments, no enhancement of attentional bias towards fear-relevant stimuli due to receiving threat information was evident, as no difference was found between the threat information and the no information snake stimuli in terms of attention deployment measures. Strong evidence of naturally occurring attentional bias toward snake stimuli, however, was found in both RTs and overt attention indices. Overall, the RT data provided more robust evidence than the eye movement data in support of the predicted threat related attentional biases. It was argued that attentional biases to fear stimuli might have different levels which develop over time, with fast threat processing (indexed by faster RTs) appearing soon after the fear is acquired LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/38613/ RT Book, Section SR 00 ID 10.1002/9781118269923.ch11 A1 Shelton, Katherine H A1 Walters, Sasha L A1 Harold, Gordon T T1 Children's appraisals of relationships in stepfamilies and first families YR 2012 FD 2012-01-09 SP 250 OP 276 A2 Pryor, Jan T2 The International Handbook of Stepfamilies: Policy and Practice in Legal, Research, and Clinical Environments PB John Wiley and Sons PP Wellington, New Zealand SN 9780470114582 AV Published LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/55553/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118269923.ch11 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1177/0022022110381430 A1 Smith, Peter B A1 Huang, Hai Juan A1 Harb, Charles A1 Torres, Claudio T1 How distinctive are indigenous ways of achieving influence? A comparative study of guanxi, wasta, jeitinho, and "pulling strings" JF Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-01-01 VO 43 IS 1 SP 135 OP 150 K1 Informal influence, Cross-cultural, Indigenous, Guanxi, Wasta AB The purpose of the study was to investigate the cultural specificity of guanxi, wasta, and jeitinho, each of which has been identified as an indigenous process of informal influence. Students in Brazil, China, Lebanon, and the United Kingdom were presented with three scenarios derived from each of the nations sampled. They rated the extent to which each scenario was representative of the locally indigenous process, the typicality for their culture of the events portrayed in the scenarios, and the extent to which these interpersonal exchanges were perceived positively. While each type of scenario was perceived as representative and typical in its culture of origin, each was also perceived as somewhat typical by respondents in additional locations. Informal influence processes may vary between cultures more in frequency than in quality. Rated scenario positivity was significantly predicted by respondents’ values. The United Kingdom–based process of “pulling strings” was rated as typical in all locations and was more positively evaluated than the other influence processes by all respondents. It is concluded that in addition to the pragmatic value of these concepts locally, their comparative testing can contribute to the development of culture-general models of social influence processes. PB SAGE Publications SN 0022-0221 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/61260/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022110381430 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1080/09585192.2011.561232 A1 Smith, Peter B A1 Torres, Claudio A1 Leong, ChanHoong A1 Budhwar, Pawan A1 Achoui, Mustafa A1 Lebedeva, Nadezhda T1 Are indigenous approaches to achieving influence in business organizations distinctive? A comparative study of guanxi, wasta, jeitinho, svyazi and pulling strings JF International Journal of Human Resource Management YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 23 IS 2 SP 333 OP 348 AB Managers in five nations rated scenarios exemplifying indigenous forms of informal influence whose cultural origins were concealed. Locally generated scenarios illustrated episodes of guanxi, wasta, jeitinho, svyazi and pulling strings. Local scenarios were judged representative of local influence processes but so too were some scenarios derived from other contexts. Furthermore, many scenarios were rated as more typical in non-local contexts. While these influence processes are found to be widely disseminated, they occur more frequently in contexts characterized by high self-enhancement values, low self-transcendence values and high endorsement of business corruptibility. Implications for a fuller understanding of local business practices are discussed. PB Taylor & Francis SN 0958-5192 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/52326/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.561232 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5069-11.2012 A1 Sohoglu, Ediz A1 Peelle, Jonathan E A1 Carlyon, Robert P A1 Davis, Matthew H T1 Predictive top-down integration of prior knowledge during speech perception JF Journal of Neuroscience YR 2012 FD 2012-06-20 VO 32 IS 25 SP 8443 OP 8453 AB A striking feature of human perception is that our subjective experience depends not only on sensory information from the environment but also on our prior knowledge or expectations. The precise mechanisms by which sensory information and prior knowledge are integrated remain unclear, with longstanding disagreement concerning whether integration is strictly feedforward or whether higherlevel knowledge influences sensory processing through feedback connections. Here we used concurrent EEG and MEG recordings to determine how sensoryinformation and prior knowledge areintegratedinthe brain during speech perception.Wemanipulated listeners’ prior knowledge of speech content by presenting matching, mismatching, or neutral written text before a degraded (noise-vocoded) spoken word. When speech conformed to prior knowledge, subjective perceptual clarity was enhanced. This enhancement in clarity was associated with a spatiotemporal profile of brain activity uniquely consistent with afeedback process: activity inthe inferiorfrontal gyrus was modulated by prior knowledge before activity in lower-level sensory regions of the superior temporal gyrus. In parallel, we parametrically variedthe level of speech degradation, andthereforethe amount of sensory detail, sothat changes in neural responses attributable to sensory information and prior knowledge could be directly compared. Although sensory detail and prior knowledge both enhanced speech clarity, they had an opposite influence on the evoked response in the superior temporal gyrus. We argue that these data are best explained within the framework of predictive coding in which sensory activity is compared with top-down predictions and only unexplained activity propagated through the cortical hierarchy. PB Society for Neuroscience SN 0270-6474 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/87161/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5069-11.2012 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.11.007 A1 St Jacques, Peggy L A1 Rubin, David C A1 Cabeza, Roberto T1 Age-related effects on the neural correlates of autobiographical memory retrieval JF Neurobiology of Aging YR 2012 FD 2012-07 VO 33 IS 7 SP 1298 OP 1310 AB Older adults recall less episodically rich autobiographical memories (AM), however, the neural basis of this effect is not clear. Using functional MRI, we examined the effects of age during search and elaboration phases of AM retrieval. Our results suggest that the age-related attenuation in the episodic richness of AMs is associated with difficulty in the strategic retrieval processes underlying recovery of information during elaboration. First, age effects on AM activity were more pronounced during elaboration than search, with older adults showing less sustained recruitment of the hippocampus and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) for less episodically rich AMs. Second, there was an age-related reduction in the modulation of top-down coupling of the VLPFC on the hippocampus for episodically rich AMs. In sum, the present study shows that changes in the sustained response and coupling of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) underlie age-related reductions in episodic richness of the personal past. PB Elsevier SN 1558-1497 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/52299/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.11.007 RT Book, Section SR 00 A1 St. Jacques, Peggy L T1 Functional neuroimaging of autobiographical memory YR 2012 FD 2012 SP 114 OP 138 A2 Berntsen, Dorthe A2 Rubin, David C T2 Understanding autobiographical memory: theories and approaches PB Cambridge University Press PP Cambridge, England SN 9781107007307 AV Published LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/52343/ RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1371/journal.pone.0048907 A1 Stoeger, Angela S A1 Heilman, Gunnar A1 Zeppelzauer, Matthias A1 Ganswindt, André A1 Hensman, Sean A1 Charlton, Benjamin D T1 Visualizing sound emission of elephant vocalizations: evidence for two rumble production types JF PLoS ONE YR 2012 FD 2012-11-14 VO 7 IS 11 SP e48907 AB Recent comparative data reveal that formant frequencies are cues to body size in animals, due to a close relationship between formant frequency spacing, vocal tract length and overall body size. Accordingly, intriguing morphological adaptations to elongate the vocal tract in order to lower formants occur in several species, with the size exaggeration hypothesis being proposed to justify most of these observations. While the elephant trunk is strongly implicated to account for the low formants of elephant rumbles, it is unknown whether elephants emit these vocalizations exclusively through the trunk, or whether the mouth is also involved in rumble production. In this study we used a sound visualization method (an acoustic camera) to record rumbles of five captive African elephants during spatial separation and subsequent bonding situations. Our results showed that the female elephants in our analysis produced two distinct types of rumble vocalizations based on vocal path differences: a nasally- and an orally-emitted rumble. Interestingly, nasal rumbles predominated during contact calling, whereas oral rumbles were mainly produced in bonding situations. In addition, nasal and oral rumbles varied considerably in their acoustic structure. In particular, the values of the first two formants reflected the estimated lengths of the vocal paths, corresponding to a vocal tract length of around 2 meters for nasal, and around 0.7 meters for oral rumbles. These results suggest that African elephants may be switching vocal paths to actively vary vocal tract length (with considerable variation in formants) according to context, and call for further research investigating the function of formant modulation in elephant vocalizations. Furthermore, by confirming the use of the elephant trunk in long distance rumble production, our findings provide an explanation for the extremely low formants in these calls, and may also indicate that formant lowering functions to increase call propagation distances in this species'. PB Public Library of Science SN 1932-6203 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41886/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048907 RT Book, Section SR 00 A1 Stott, Clifford A1 Drury, John A1 Reicher, Stephen T1 From prejudice to collective action YR 2012 FD 2012-01-12 SP 286 OP 303 A2 Dixon, John A2 Levine, Mark T2 Beyond Prejudice: Extending the Social Psychology of Conflict, Inequality and Social Change PB Cambridge University Press PP Cambridge SN 9780521198165 AV Published LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/13895/ UL http://www.amazon.co.uk/Beyond-Prejudice-Extending-Psychology-Inequality/dp/052119816X#reader_052119816X RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00268 A1 Tanabe, Hiroki C A1 Kosaka, Hirotaka A1 Saito, Daisuke N A1 Koike, Takahiko A1 Hayashi, Masamichi J A1 Izuma, Keise A1 Komeda, Hidetsugu A1 Ishitobi, Makoto A1 Omori, Masao A1 Munesue, Toshio A1 Okazawa, Hidehiko A1 Wada, Yuji A1 Sadato, Norihiro T1 Hard to "tune in": neural mechanisms of live face-to-face interaction with high-functioning autistic spectrum disorder JF Frontiers in Human Neuroscience YR 2012 FD 2012-09-27 VO 6 IS 268 SP 1 OP 15 AB Persons with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are known to have difficulty in eye contact (EC). This may make it difficult for their partners during face to face communication with them. To elucidate the neural substrates of live inter-subject interaction of ASD patients and normal subjects, we conducted hyper-scanning functional MRI with 21 subjects with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) paired with typically-developed (normal) subjects, and with 19 pairs of normal subjects as a control. Baseline EC was maintained while subjects performed real-time joint-attention task. The task-related effects were modeled out, and inter-individual correlation analysis was performed on the residual time-course data. ASD-Normal pairs were less accurate at detecting gaze direction than Normal-Normal pairs. Performance was impaired both in ASD subjects and in their normal partners. The left occipital pole (OP) activation by gaze processing was reduced in ASD subjects, suggesting that deterioration of eye-cue detection in ASD is related to impairment of early visual processing of gaze. On the other hand, their normal partners showed greater activity in the bilateral occipital cortex and the right prefrontal area, indicating a compensatory workload. Inter-brain coherence in the right IFG that was observed in the Normal-Normal pairs (Saito et al., 2010) during EC diminished in ASD-Normal pairs. Intra-brain functional connectivity between the right IFG and right superior temporal sulcus (STS) in normal subjects paired with ASD subjects was reduced compared with in Normal-Normal pairs. This functional connectivity was positively correlated with performance of the normal partners on the eye-cue detection. Considering the integrative role of the right STS in gaze processing, inter-subject synchronization during EC may be a prerequisite for eye cue detection by the normal partner. PB Frontiers SN 1662-5161 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/47804/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00268 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00250.x A1 Tang, Yi-Yan A1 Yang, Lizhu A1 Leve, Leslie D A1 Harold, Gordon T T1 Improving executive function and its neurobiological mechanisms through a mindfulness-based intervention: advances within the field of developmental neuroscience JF Child Development Perspectives YR 2012 FD 2012-12 VO 6 IS 4 SP 361 OP 366 AB Poor executive function (EF) has been associated with a host of short- and long-term problems across the lifespan, including elevated rates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, drug abuse, and antisocial behavior. Mindfulness-based interventions that focus on increasing awareness of one's thoughts, emotions, and actions have been shown to improve specific aspects of EF, including attention, cognitive control, and emotion regulation. Reflecting a developmental neuroscience perspective, this article reviews research relevant to one specific mindfulness-based intervention, integrative body-mind training (IBMT). Randomized controlled trials of IBMT indicate improvements in specific EF components, and uniquely highlight the role of neural circuitry specific to the anterior cingulate cortex and the autonomic nervous system as two brain-based mechanisms that underlie IBMT-related improvements. The relevance of improving specific dimensions of EF through short-term IBMT to prevent a cascade of risk behaviors for children and adolescents is described and future research directions are proposed. © 2012 The Authors. Child Development Perspectives © 2012 The Society for Research in Child Development. PB Wiley-Blackwell SN 1750-8592 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/55540/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00250.x RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.3758/s13423-012-0222-1 A1 Taylor, Chloe A1 Franklin, Anna T1 The relationship between color-object associations and color preference: further investigation of Ecological Valence Theory JF Psychonomic Bulletin and Review YR 2012 FD 2012-04 VO 19 IS 2 SP 190 OP 197 AB Ecological valence theory (EVT; Palmer & Schloss, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:8877–8882, 2010) proposes that color preferences are due to affective responses to color-associated objects: That is, people generally like colors to the degree that they like the objects associated with those colors. Palmer and Schloss found that the average valence of objects associated with a color, when weighted by how well the objects matched the color (weighted affective valence estimates: WAVE) explained 80% of the variation in preference across colors. Here, we replicated and extended Palmer and Schloss’s investigation to establish whether color–object associations can account for sex differences in color preference and whether the relationship between associated objects and color preference is equally strong for males and females. We found some degree of sex specificity to the WAVEs, but the relationship between WAVE and color preference was significantly stronger for males than for females (74% shared variance for males, 45% for females). Furthermore, analyses identified a significant inverse relationship between the number of objects associated with a color and preference for the color. Participants generally liked colors associated with few objects and disliked colors associated with many objects. For the sample overall and for females alone, this association was not significantly weaker than the association of the WAVE and preference. The success of the WAVE at capturing color preference was partly due to the relationship between the number of associated objects and color preference. The findings identify constraints of EVT in its current form, but they also provide general support for the link between color preference and color–object associations PB Springer Verlag SN 1069-9384 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/14264/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0222-1 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.09.011 A1 Tip, Linda K A1 Zagefka, Hanna A1 González, Roberto A1 Brown, Rupert A1 Cinnirella, Marco A1 Na, Xue T1 Is support for multiculturalism threatened by ... threat itself? JF International Journal of Intercultural Relations YR 2012 FD 2012-01 VO 36 IS 1 SP 22 OP 30 AB Three studies investigated the effects of British majority members' perceptions of minority members' acculturation preferences and perceived identity threat on their support for multiculturalism. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) a perception that minority members want to maintain their original culture will negatively affect support for multiculturalism; (2) a perception that minority members want to adopt the British culture will positively affect support for multiculturalism; and (3) a perception that minority members desire contact with British people will positively affect support for multiculturalism. All three effects were predicted to be mediated by identity threat. Studies 1 and 2 focussed on Pakistanis as a target group, and study 3 focussed on ethnic minority members more generally. All studies yielded evidence in support of the hypotheses. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. PB Elsevier SN 0147-1767 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/14565/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.09.011 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1111/j.2044-8260.2011.02029.x A1 Triantafyllou, Kalliopi A1 Cartwright-Hatton, Samantha A1 Korpa, Terpsichori A1 Kolaitis, Gerasimos A1 Barrowclough, Christine T1 Catastrophic worries in mothers of adolescents with internalizing disorders JF British Journal of Clinical Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-09 VO 51 IS 3 SP 307 OP 322 AB Objectives. This study investigates worrying in mothers of adolescents with internalizing disorders, and tests the hypothesis that these mothers will produce a greater number of worries with higher catastrophic content compared to control groups. Design. Differences in worry steps and in catastrophic content of worries were investigated in a cross-sectional, between groups design, employing a clinical internalizing group, a clinical control, and a non-referred control group. Methods. Twenty-five mothers of adolescents with internalizing disorders, 24 mothers of adolescents with externalizing disorders, and 28 mothers with non-referred adolescents participated in two interviews about their ‘real’ pre-existing worries and their worries in response to a hypothetical situation. Results. The internalizing group produced both a greater number of worry steps and a higher catastrophic content when they talked about their ‘real’ worries, compared to both control groups. They also produced a greater number of worry steps in response to a hypothetical situation compared to the other two groups. The number of worry steps and the level of catastrophic content of ‘real’ worries were associated with adolescent depression and anxiety. Additionally, the number of worry steps and the level of catastrophic content of worries in response to a hypothetical situation were related to adolescent depression. The number of worry steps in ‘real’ worries and the level of catastrophic content in hypothetical worries were also associated with maternal depressive symptoms. Conclusions. Mothers of adolescents with internalizing disorders may worry more catastrophically about their children than other mothers NO SCH was supervisor of the PhD project from which this research arose. PB British Psychological Society SN 0144-6657 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/13044/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.2011.02029.x RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.001 A1 Trickey, David A1 Siddaway, Andy P A1 Meiser-Stedman, Richard A1 Serpell, Lucy A1 Field, Andy P T1 A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents JF Clinical Psychology Review YR 2012 FD 2012-03-01 VO 32 IS 2 SP 122 OP 138 K1 Post-traumatic stress disorder; Risk factor;Children; Adolescent; Predictor AB Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex and chronic disorder that causes substantial distress and interferes with social and educational functioning. Consequently, identifying the risk factors that make a child more likely to experience traumatic distress is of academic, clinical and social importance. This meta-analysis estimated the population effect sizes of 25 potential risk factors for PTSD in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years across 64 studies (N = 32,238). Medium to large effect sizes were shown for many factors relating to subjective experience of the event and post-trauma variables (low social support, peri-trauma fear, perceived life threat, social withdrawal, comorbid psychological problem, poor family functioning, distraction, PTSD at time 1, and thought suppression); whereas pre-trauma variables and more objective measures of the assumed severity of the event generated small to medium effect sizes. This indicates that subjective peri-trauma factors and post-event factors are likely to have a major role in determining whether a child develops PTSD following exposure to a traumatic event. Such factors could potentially be assessed following a potentially traumatic event in order to screen for those most vulnerable to developing PTSD and target treatment efforts accordingly. The findings support the cognitive model of PTSD as a way of understanding its development and guiding interventions to reduce symptoms. PB Elsevier SN 0272-7358 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41414/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.001 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1002/icd.746 A1 Vassilopoulos, Stephanos P A1 Banerjee, Robin T1 Social anxiety and content specificity of interpretation and judgemental bias in children JF Infant and Child Development YR 2012 FD 2012-05 VO 21 IS 3 SP 298 OP 309 K1 social anxiety cognitive bias interpretation judgemental bias children concurrent validity emotional events phobia depression performance adolescents scale self AB Previous research with adult samples has demonstrated that social anxiety disorder is associated with content-specific interpretation and judgemental biases. The present study extends our understanding of the specificity of cognitive biases in childhood social anxiety. A sample of non-clinical children aged 11-12years completed social anxiety and depression scales and was presented with scenarios depicting hypothetical events varying along two dimensions: relevance to self (event occurs to self or to other) and domain of activity (event is social or non-social). Partial support for the content-specificity hypothesis was found. Children's social anxiety symptoms were positively associated with negative interpretation ratings for ambiguous self-referent and other-referent events, but only when these events were in the social domain. Further, children's social anxiety symptoms were positively associated with emotional cost judgements for ambiguous social and non-social events, but only when these events referred to the self. Both patterns of results remained significant even after controlling for concurrent depressive symptoms. Implications of the results for our understanding of maintaining factors in childhood social anxiety are discussed. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. NO 952AS Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:33 PB Wiley SN 1522-7227 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42284/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/icd.746 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1521/soco.2012.30.1.18 A1 Watling, Dawn A1 Banerjee, Robin T1 Children's understanding of disclaimers JF Social Cognition YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 30 IS 1 SP 18 OP 36 K1 self-presentation tactics negative emotions social-status behavior young explanations strategies apologies promotion ingratiation AB Individuals who anticipate poor performance on some imminent task often offer disclaimers-verbal statements which serve to protect them from negative social evaluation by dissociating the poor performance from their identity. In the present study, 7- to 14-year-olds (N = 226) responded to hypothetical vignettes where the protagonists either used or did not use a disclaimer when telling a peer audience that they did not expect to perform well on an imminent task. Children made predictions about the evaluations that the peer audience would form of the protagonists, regarding both their imminent performance and their typical performance. Children over 10 years of age recognized that a disclaimer would lead the audience to form a more favorable impression of the protagonists' typical performance. Further, boys who were more preferred by their classmates tended to have a better understanding of the social evaluation consequences of using a disclaimer. Results are discussed in the light of research on children's growing self-presentational awareness NO 887EJ Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:46 PB Guilford Publishing SN 0278-016X LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42283/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2012.30.1.18 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1037/a0027600 A1 Webb, Thomas L A1 Miles, Eleanor A1 Sheeran, Paschal T1 Dealing with feeling: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation JF Psychological Bulletin YR 2012 FD 2012-07 VO 138 IS 4 SP 775 OP 808 AB The present meta-analysis investigated the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation in modifying emotional outcomes as indexed by experiential, behavioral, and physiological measures. A systematic search of the literature identified 306 experimental comparisons of different emotion regulation (ER) strategies. ER instructions were coded according to a new taxonomy, and meta-analysis was used to evaluate the effectiveness of each strategy across studies. The findings revealed differences in effectiveness between ER processes: Attentional deployment had no effect on emotional outcomes (d+ = 0.00), response modulation had a small effect (d+ = 0.16), and cognitive change had a small-to-medium effect (d+ = 0.36). There were also important within-process differences. We identified 7 types of attentional deployment, 4 types of cognitive change, and 4 types of response modulation, and these distinctions had a substantial influence on effectiveness. Whereas distraction was an effective way to regulate emotions (d+ = 0.27), concentration was not (d+ = −0.26). Similarly, suppressing the expression of emotion proved effective (d+ = 0.32), but suppressing the experience of emotion or suppressing thoughts of the emotion-eliciting event did not (d+ = −0.04 and −0.12, respectively). Finally, reappraising the emotional response proved less effective (d+ = 0.23) than reappraising the emotional stimulus (d+ = 0.36) or using perspective taking (d+ = 0.45). The review also identified several moderators of strategy effectiveness including factors related to the (a) to-be-regulated emotion, (b) frequency of use and intended purpose of the ER strategy, (c) study design, and (d) study characteristics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) PB American Psychological Association SN 0033-2909 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/45356/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027600 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1080/10463283.2012.718134 A1 Webb, Thomas L A1 Schweiger Gallo, Inge A1 Miles, Eleanor A1 Gollwitzer, Peter M A1 Sheeran, Paschal T1 Effective regulation of affect: an action control perspective on emotion regulation JF European Review of Social Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-10-09 VO 23 IS 1 SP 143 OP 186 AB The present review adopts an action control perspective on emotion regulation, contextualising the gap between emotion control goals (e.g., I want to remain calm) and emotional outcomes (e.g., anger, anxiety, and aggression) in terms of the broader literature on goal pursuit. We propose that failure to effectively regulate emotions can result from difficulties with the self-regulatory tasks of (i) identifying the need to regulate, (ii) deciding whether and how to regulate, and (iii) enacting a regulation strategy. Next we review evidence that a technique traditionally associated with regulating behavioural goals (forming implementation intentions or “if-then” planning) can help to overcome these difficulties. Meta-analysis indicated that forming implementation intentions is effective in modifying emotional outcomes, with a large effect relative to no regulation instructions (k = 21, N = 1306 d + = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.61 to 1.20) and a medium-sized effect relative to goal intention instructions (k = 29, N = 1208, d + = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.42 to 0.65). Our conclusion is that research on emotion regulation might benefit from an action control perspective and the interventions that this perspective offers. PB Taylor & Francis SN 1046-3283 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/45644/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2012.718134 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1348/014466610X533623 A1 Webb, Thomas L A1 Sheeran, Paschal A1 Totterdell, Peter A1 Miles, Eleanor A1 Mansell, Warren A1 Baker, Shyam T1 Using implementation intentions to overcome the effect of mood on risky behaviour JF British Journal of Social Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-06 VO 51 IS 2 SP 330 OP 345 PB Wiley-Blackwell SN 0144-6665 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/45645/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466610X533623 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1038/nn.3092 A1 Whelan, Robert A1 Conrod, Patricia J A1 Poline, Jean-Baptiste A1 Lourdusamy, Anbarasu A1 Stephens, Dai A1 et al, T1 Adolescent impulsivity phenotypes characterized by distinct brain networks JF Nature Neuroscience YR 2012 FD 2012-06 VO 15 IS 6 SP 920 OP 925 AB The impulsive behavior that is often characteristic of adolescence may reflect underlying neurodevelopmental processes. Moreover, impulsivity is a multi-dimensional construct, and it is plausible that distinct brain networks contribute to its different cognitive, clinical and behavioral aspects. As these networks have not yet been described, we identified distinct cortical and subcortical networks underlying successful inhibitions and inhibition failures in a large sample (n = 1,896) of 14-year-old adolescents. Different networks were associated with drug use (n = 1,593) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms (n = 342). Hypofunctioning of a specific orbitofrontal cortical network was associated with likelihood of initiating drug use in early adolescence. Right inferior frontal activity was related to the speed of the inhibition process (n = 826) and use of illegal substances and associated with genetic variation in a norepinephrine transporter gene (n = 819). Our results indicate that both neural endophenotypes and genetic variation give rise to the various manifestations of impulsive behavior. PB Nature Publishing Group SN 1546-1726 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41465/ UL http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v15/n6/full/nn.3092.html RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.08.037 A1 Wyman, M T A1 Mooring, M S A1 McCowan, B A1 Penedo, M C T A1 Reby, D A1 Hart, L A T1 Acoustic cues to size and quality in the vocalizations of male North American bison, Bison bison JF Animal Behaviour YR 2012 FD 2012-12 VO 84 IS 6 SP 1381 OP 1391 AB Source-filter theory provides a framework to interpret the acoustic structure of vertebrate vocalizations in relation to biophysical production, and it predicts that specific acoustic parameters can encode information about callers. Because formant frequencies are determined by vocal tract dimensions, with longer vocal tracts producing lower formants, they can be reliable indicators of body size, as well as other important traits. In polygynous species, reliable acoustic cues to fitness-related traits are expected to be under strong sexual selection pressure through male competition and/or female choice. This study investigates whether formant frequencies of male North American bison bellow vocalizations encode information about fitness-related caller attributes. Bison exhibit male-dominance female-defence polygyny, with dominance displays involving bellows. We hypothesized that physical attributes (mass, age) would predict formants and that formants would in turn predict quality indices (dominance, copulations, offspring sired). Our results showed that heavier bulls produced lower formants and that lower formants predicted higher mating success (copulations), even when controlling for mass. Given positive associations between mating success, dominance and reproductive success (offspring sired) in bison, we conclude that bellows with lower formants reflect greater fitness in bulls. We discuss the importance of reliable acoustic cues to size and quality indices in sexual selection contexts. PB Elsevier Masson SN 0003-3472 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/50636/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.08.037 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.3758/s13414-012-0345-5 A1 Yankouskaya, Alla A1 Booth, David A1 Humphreys, Glyn T1 Interactions between facial emotion and identity in face processing: evidence based on redundancy gains JF Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 74 IS 8 SP 1692 OP 1711 AB Interactions between the processing of emotion expression and form-based information from faces (facial identity) were investigated using the redundant-target paradigm, in which we specifically tested whether identity and emotional expression are integrated in a superadditive manner (Miller, Cognitive Psychology 14:247–279, 1982). In Experiments 1 and 2, participants performed emotion and face identity judgments on faces with sad or angry emotional expressions. Responses to redundant targets were faster than responses to either single target when a universal emotion was conveyed, and performance violated the predictions from a model assuming independent processing of emotion and face identity. Experiment 4 showed that these effects were not modulated by varying interstimulus and nontarget contingencies, and Experiment 5 demonstrated that the redundancy gains were eliminated when faces were inverted. Taken together, these results suggest that the identification of emotion and facial identity interact in face processing. PB Springer SN 1943-3921 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/53744/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-012-0345-5 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.03.013 A1 Yeomans, Martin T1 Flavour-nutrient learning in humans: an elusive phenomenon? JF Physiology and Behavior YR 2012 FD 2012-06-06 VO 106 IS 3 SP 345 OP 355 K1 Flavour; Conditioning; Learning; Nutrients AB One widely cited model of how humans acquire liking for different foods is flavour-nutrient learning, where associations between the orosensory properties of the ingested food or drink (the flavour CS) and positive consequences of nutrient ingestion (the UCS) leads to acquired liking for the flavour (flavour-nutrient hedonic learning: FNL-H). Likewise, an association between the CS and the post-ingestive effects of ingested nutrients has been suggested to lead to learning about how satiating a particular food is (flavour-nutrient satiety learning: FNSH). However, whereas there is evidence for both FNL-H and FNL-S in experimental studies with non-human animals, evidence in humans is less convincing, with many failures to find the predicted changes in liking, preference or intake following repeated flavour-nutrient pairings. The present short review considers how subtle differences in experimental design might underlie this inconsistency, and identifies key design features which appear to increase the likelihood of success in human flavour-nutrient learning studies. Key factors include CS novelty, the level of nutrients ingested during training, the appetitive state of the consumer and individual consumer characteristics. A further complication is competition between FNL-H and FNL-S, and with other associations such as flavour-flavour learning. From this it is possible to make important inferences about the nature of human flavour-nutrient learning which firstly suggest that it has important similarities to that seen in other species, but secondly that the laboratory investigations of both FNL-H and FNL-S in humans can be compromised by subtle but important variations in experimental design. PB Elsevier SN 0031-9384 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/40392/ UL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031938412001187 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1145/2147783.2147784 A1 Yuill, Nicola A1 Rogers, Yvonne T1 Mechanisms for collaboration: a design and evaluation framework for multi-user interfaces JF ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction YR 2012 FD 2012-03-01 VO 19 IS 1 SP 1 OP 25 AB Multi-user interfaces are said to provide “natural” interaction in supporting collaboration, compared to individual and noncolocated technologies. We identify three mechanisms accounting for the success of such interfaces: high awareness of others' actions and intentions, high control over the interface, and high availability of background information. We challenge the idea that interaction over such interfaces is necessarily “natural” and argue that everyday interaction involves constraints on awareness, control, and availability. These constraints help people interact more smoothly. We draw from social developmental psychology to characterize the design of multi-user interfaces in terms of how constraints on these mechanisms can be best used to promote collaboration. We use this framework of mechanisms and constraints to explain the successes and failures of existing designs, then apply it to three case studies of design, and finally derive from them a set of questions to consider when designing and analysing multi-user interfaces for collaboration. PB Association for Computing Machinery SN 1073-0516 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/38760/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2147783.2147784 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2012.00501.x A1 Zagefka, Hanna A1 Noor, Masi A1 Brown, Rupert T1 Familiarity breeds compassion: knowledge of disaster areas and willingness to donate money to disaster victims JF Applied Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-10 VO 62 IS 4 SP 640 OP 654 AB We tested whether knowing more about an area where a humanitarian disaster happened would increase willingness to donate to its victims. Knowledge was proposed to have a positive impact on donation proclivity, mediated by greater identification with the victims: The more potential donors know about the victims and their environment, the more are they able to identify with the victims. Identification, in turn, was proposed to positively impact on willingness to donate. Results confirmed these predictions in one correlational study (N= 111), one experimental study (N= 200), and one quasi-experimental study (N= 100), focusing on the Asian Tsunami of 2004 and the Chinese earthquake of 2008. Theoretical and applied implications of the research findings are discussed. PB Wiley-Blackwell SN 0269-994X LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/52950/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2012.00501.x RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1111/j.1467-839X.2012.01378.x A1 Zagefka, Hanna A1 Noor, Masi A1 Brown, Rupert A1 Hopthrow, Tim A1 de Moura, Georgina Randsley T1 Eliciting donations to disaster victims: psychological considerations JF Asian Journal of Social Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-12 VO 15 IS 4 SP 221 OP 230 AB Predictors of monetary donations to victims of humanitarian disasters were examined. Participants (N = 219) chose between donating to different scenarios and justified their choices in an open response format. This was followed by a questionnaire. The perceived extent of the victims’ Need, the Impact of a potential donation, and the Amount donated by others all influenced donation decisions. There was a three-way interaction between these factors: The perceived Need for help only mattered if the perceived Impact of a donation was high, and the perceived Amount donated by others was small. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. PB Wiley SN 1367-2223 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/52952/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2012.01378.x RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.006 A1 Zagefka, Hanna A1 Tip, Linda A1 Gonzalez, Roberto A1 Brown, Rupert A1 Cinnirella, Marco T1 Predictors of majority members' acculturation preferences: experimental evidence JF Journal of Experimental Social Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-05 VO 48 IS 3 SP 654 OP 659 AB A study was conducted to test experimentally whether majority members' perceptions of which acculturation strategies minority members prefer would causally impact on majority members' own acculturation preferences, especially their preference for integration. Participants (N=113) were exposed to videos in which actors who posed as Pakistani minority members voiced different acculturation preferences (integration, assimilation, separation or control condition). Their views were presented as representative of their ethnic group. The effect of this on white British majority participants' own acculturation preferences was measured. As expected, perceived acculturation preferences significantly impacted on own acculturation preferences. In line with predictions, participants' level of prejudice significantly moderated these effects. PB Elsevier SN 0022-1031 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/46062/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.006 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1098/rspb.2012.2132 A1 de Haas, Benjamin A1 Kanai, Ryota A1 Jalkanen, Lauri A1 Rees, Geraint T1 Grey matter volume in early human visual cortex predicts proneness to the sound-induced flash illusion JF Proceedings B: Biological Sciences YR 2012 FD 2012-12-22 VO 279 IS 1749 SP 4955 OP 4961 AB Visual perception can be modulated by sounds. A drastic example of this is the sound-induced flash illusion: when a single flash is accompanied by two bleeps, it is sometimes perceived in an illusory fashion as two consecutive flashes. However, there are strong individual differences in proneness to this illusion. Some participants experience the illusion on almost every trial, whereas others almost never do. We investigated whether such individual differences in proneness to the sound-induced flash illusion were reflected in structural differences in brain regions whose activity is modulated by the illusion. We found that individual differences in proneness to the illusion were strongly and significantly correlated with local grey matter volume in early retinotopic visual cortex. Participants with smaller early visual cortices were more prone to the illusion. We propose that strength of auditory influences on visual perception is determined by individual differences in recurrent connections, cross-modal attention and/or optimal weighting of sensory channels. PB Royal Society, The SN 1471-2954 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43883/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2132 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00371.x A1 de Visser, Richard A1 Birch, Julian D T1 My cup runneth over: young people’s lack of knowledge of low-risk drinking guidelines JF Drug and Alcohol Review YR 2012 FD 2012-03 VO 31 IS 2 SP 206 OP 212 AB Introduction and Aims. If young people are to consume alcohol in accordance with government guidelines, they must possess the relevant knowledge and skills. No previous research has examined correlations between different forms of knowledge of alcohol guidelines or how they are related to personality variables and beliefs. Design and Methods. Two samples were recruited in South-East England: 309 secondary school students aged 16–18, and 125 university students aged 18–25. All participants completed a computer-administered survey of knowledge and beliefs. University students also reported their alcohol consumption and completed tasks in which they poured their ‘usual’ drinks, and what they believed to be ‘units’ of alcohol. Results. Most respondents lacked the knowledge and skills required to drink in accordance with government guidelines. Participants’ usual drinks were substantially larger than one unit, and participants tended to underestimate the unit content of drinks.There was little evidence that possession of accurate knowledge of one aspect of alcohol units and guidelines was related to accurate knowledge in other domains. Discussion and Conclusions. Many young people may lack the knowledge required to monitor their alcohol consumption or give accurate self-reports in research. Future research should evaluate using a drink-pouring task as part of interventions designed to improve knowledge and skills and encourage moderate consumption of alcohol. PB Wiley SN 1465-3362 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/38463/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00371.x RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1080/08870446.2011.617444 A1 de Visser, Richard A1 McDonnell, Elizabeth Jane T1 'That's OK. He's a guy': a mixed-methods study of gender double-standards for alcohol use JF Psychology and Health YR 2012 FD 2012 VO 27 IS 5 SP 618 OP 639 AB Although drinking and drunkenness have traditionally been considered masculine behaviours, young women's alcohol consumption has increased in recent years. This mixed methods study was conducted to examine the extent to which young people endorse gender double-standards for alcohol use – i.e., less acceptance of drinking and drunkenness in women than men – and how these influence men's and women's alcohol consumption. A sample of 731 English university students completed an online survey of gender role attitudes, beliefs about the gendered nature of alcohol use and recent alcohol consumption. Sixteen participants were then purposively selected for individual interviews: eight women and men with the most egalitarian gender role beliefs, and eight women and men with the least egalitarian beliefs. The two sets of data revealed that although there were few sex differences in actual levels of drinking or drunkenness, gender double-standards for alcohol use persist: beer drinking, binge drinking and public drunkenness tended to be perceived as masculine, and even the most egalitarian respondents were more judgemental of women's drinking. Participants modified their drinking style so as to maintain a desired gender identity. Although gender double-standards could be a focus of interventions to encourage moderate drinking, such approaches could reinforce gender inequalities. PB Taylor & Francis SN 0887-0446 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39812/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.617444 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00371.x A1 de Visser, Richard O A1 Birch, Julian D T1 My cup runneth over: Young people's lack of knowledge of low-risk drinking guidelines JF Drug and Alcohol Review YR 2012 FD 2012-03 VO 31 IS 2 SP 206 OP 212 K1 guideline;knowledge;drink volume;personality AB Introduction and Aims.If young people are to consume alcohol in accordance with government guidelines, they must possess the relevant knowledge and skills. No previous research has examined correlations between different forms of knowledge of alcohol guidelines or how they are related to personality variables and beliefs. Design and Methods.Two samples were recruited in South-East England: 309 secondary school students aged 16–18, and 125 university students aged 18–25. All participants completed a computer-administered survey of knowledge and beliefs. University students also reported their alcohol consumption and completed tasks in which they poured their ‘usual’ drinks, and what they believed to be ‘units’ of alcohol. Results.Most respondents lacked the knowledge and skills required to drink in accordance with government guidelines. Participants' usual drinks were substantially larger than one unit, and participants tended to underestimate the unit content of drinks. There was little evidence that possession of accurate knowledge of one aspect of alcohol units and guidelines was related to accurate knowledge in other domains. Discussion and Conclusions.Many young people may lack the knowledge required to monitor their alcohol consumption or give accurate self-reports in research. Future research should evaluate using a drink-pouring task as part of interventions designed to improve knowledge and skills and encourage moderate consumption of alcohol.[de Visser RO, Birch JD. My cup runneth over: Young people's lack of knowledge of low-risk drinking guidelines. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:206–212] PB Taylor & Francis SN 0959-5236 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/14927/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00371.x RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1037/a0029045 A1 de Visser, Richard O. A1 McDonnell, Elizabeth J. T1 "Man points": masculine capital and young men's health JF Health Psychology YR 2012 FD 2012-08-13 VO 32 IS 1 SP 5 OP 14 AB Objective: Health behaviors are important resources for the development and display of masculine identity. The aim of this mixed-method study was to examine how “masculine capital” is accrued via traditionally masculine behaviors and used to permit nonmasculine behavior. Methods: An online survey assessing personal importance of gender identity, gender role stereotypes, and beliefs about the gender of various health behaviors was completed by 731 university students. Interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 16 of these men and women. Results: Quantitative data showed significant positive associations between perceived masculinity and engagement in a greater number of traditionally masculine health behaviors. Such patterns were clearest among young men and women who endorsed gender role stereotypes and gave greater importance to their own gender identity. Qualitative data supported the quantitative data: participants with more traditional gender role beliefs had more strict beliefs about the masculinity of various health behaviors. When asked about their own experiences, many men described having engaged in traditionally masculine health-related behaviors so as to accrue masculine capital or use it to permit nonmasculine (or feminine) behavior. Conclusions: The novel use of a gender-relations approach in this mixed-method study of young men and women expanded on earlier smaller scale studies of men and masculine capital. The findings add to understanding of the concept of “masculine capital” and suggest how it may aid efforts to better understand and improve young men's health. Young men's concerns about masculinity could be harnessed to encourage healthy “masculine” behavior. However, such approaches may not be effective for men who eschew traditional definitions of masculinity. Furthermore, failure to question socially constructed definitions of gender may reinforce stereotypes that restrict men's and women's opportunities. NO Online First Publication PB American Psychological Association SN 0278-6133 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39806/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029045 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1080/08870446.2011.617444 A1 de Visser, Richard O. A1 McDonnell, Elizabeth J. T1 "That's OK. He's a guy": a mixed-methods study of gender double-standards for alcohol use JF Psychology and Health YR 2012 FD 2012-04 VO 27 IS 5 SP 618 OP 639 AB Although drinking and drunkenness have traditionally been considered masculine behaviours, young women's alcohol consumption has increased in recent years. This mixed methods study was conducted to examine the extent to which young people endorse gender double-standards for alcohol use – i.e., less acceptance of drinking and drunkenness in women than men – and how these influence men's and women's alcohol consumption. A sample of 731 English university students completed an online survey of gender role attitudes, beliefs about the gendered nature of alcohol use and recent alcohol consumption. Sixteen participants were then purposively selected for individual interviews: eight women and men with the most egalitarian gender role beliefs, and eight women and men with the least egalitarian beliefs. The two sets of data revealed that although there were few sex differences in actual levels of drinking or drunkenness, gender double-standards for alcohol use persist: beer drinking, binge drinking and public drunkenness tended to be perceived as masculine, and even the most egalitarian respondents were more judgemental of women's drinking. Participants modified their drinking style so as to maintain a desired gender identity. Although gender double-standards could be a focus of interventions to encourage moderate drinking, such approaches could reinforce gender inequalities PB Taylor & Francis SN 0887-0446 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/13817/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.617444 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1177/1948550612450465 A1 van Prooijen, Anne-Marie A1 Sparks, Paul A1 Jessop, Donna C T1 Promoting or jeopardizing lighter carbon footprints? Self-affirmation can polarize environmental orientations JF Social Psychological and Personality Science YR 2012 FD 2012-06-27 VO 4 IS 2 SP 238 OP 243 AB Research has shown that self-affirmation often leads to more adaptive responses to messages that focus on behavior-specific, individual threats. However, little is known about the effects of self-affirmation in the context of an ongoing collective threat, such as climate change. In the study reported here (N ¼ 90), the authors examined whether self-affirmation might polarize orientations toward environment-related actions when people rely on their established beliefs about climate change. The authors found that self-affirmation led to more constructive pro-environmental motives among participants with positive ecological worldviews but led to less constructive pro-environmental motives among participants with negative ecological worldviews. These findings suggest that in the absence of a persuasive threatening message, self-affirmation might serve to validate a person’s initial worldviews about environmental issues. PB SAGE Publications SN 1948-5506 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43167/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550612450465 RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1111/j.1369-7625.2011.00675.x A1 von Wagner, Christian A1 Good, Anna A1 Smith, Samuel G A1 Wardle, Jane T1 Responses to procedural information about colorectal cancer screening using faecal occult blood testing: the role of consideration of future consequences JF Health Expectations YR 2012 FD 2012-06 VO 15 IS 2 SP 176 OP 186 AB Background  Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening participation is low despite its effectiveness in reducing CRC mortality. Identifying benefits and barriers requires consideration of specific characteristics of screening modalities. Aims and Research Questions  To monitor the impact of providing information about CRC screening via faecal occult blood testing (FOBt) on intentions to participate. To investigate moderation by individual differences in consideration of future consequences (CFC). Design, setting and participants  A total of 211 healthy adults (aged 45–59) with no experience of CRC screening were presented with eight consecutive statements about FOBt-based screening in a web survey. Participants completed measures of i) intention (after each statement), ii) CFC and iii) the importance of screening practicalities (e.g. unpleasantness of completing the test) and benefits (e.g. early detection of cancer). Results  An 8 (information) × 2 (CFC) mixed ancova showed that intentions varied across the eight statements. (P < 0.001): increasing after information about FOBt being completed at home (P < 0.001) before subsequently decreasing after information about the requirement to collect faecal samples (P < 0.001) in a plastic tub (P < 0.01) on three occasions (P < 0.01) with the low CFC group generally being less inclined to complete the test (P < 0.01). Two between-group anovas demonstrated that the low CFC group attributed greater importance to practicalities of screening than the high CFC group while the opposite was found for the importance of benefits (both P’s < 0.001). Conclusion  Deconstructing FOBt-based screening pointed to specific benefits and barriers which can advance research into public preferences of screening and educational materials SN 13696513 LK http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42588/ UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-7625.2011.00675.x